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Such chess tournaments continue to be popular to this day. The names of some of the most famous chess players, such as Garry Kasparov and Bobby Fischer, are as well known as those of major athletes. Meanwhile, average players also continue to find joy in chess. In recent times, chess video games have been developed.
Jun 24, 2010 In what is arguably the greatest chess match ever played, Kasparov shows why he is considered to be the best chess player of all time in his 'Immortal' game. Comprehensive Garry Kasparov chess games collection, opening repertoire, tournament history, PGN download, biography and news. One of the greatest players of all time, Kasparov was undisputed World Champion from 1985 until 1993, and Classical World Champion from 1993 until 2000. His main early influence was the combative and combinative style of play displayed by Alexander Alekhine. Visit the Website. 51 rows Comprehensive Garry Kasparov chess games collection, opening repertoire, tournament. 'Deep Thinking' by Garry Kasparov 'I make it clear in Deep Thinking that my loss to Deep Blue was also a victory for humans — its creators and everyone who benefits from our technological leaps.' Read Full Article. Order on Amazon now!
Garry Kasparov
World Chess Champion
First matchWorld Chess Champion
- February 10, 1996: took place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Result: Kasparov–Deep Blue (4–2)
- Record set: First computer program to defeat a world champion in a classical game under tournament regulations
Second match (rematch)
- May 11, 1997: held in New York City, New York
- Result: Deep Blue–Kasparov (3½–2½)
- Record set: First computer program to defeat a world champion in a match under tournament regulations
Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov was a pair of six-game chess matches between world chess champion Garry Kasparov and an IBM supercomputer called Deep Blue. The first match was played in Philadelphia in 1996 and won by Kasparov. The second was played in New York City in 1997 and won by Deep Blue. The 1997 match was the first defeat of a reigning world chess champion by a computer under tournament conditions.
The 1997 match was the subject of a documentary film, The Man vs. The Machine.[1]
- 31996 match
- 41997 rematch
- 6References
Symbolic significance[edit]
Deep Blue's win was seen as symbolically significant, a sign that artificial intelligence was catching up to human intelligence, and could defeat one of humanity's great intellectual champions.[2] Later analysis tended to play down Kasparov's loss as a result of uncharacteristically bad play on Kasparov's part, and play down the intellectual value of chess as a game that can be defeated by brute force.[3][4]
In December 2016, discussing the match in a podcast with neuroscientist Sam Harris, Kasparov advised of a change of heart in his views of this match. Kasparov stated: 'While writing the book I did a lot of research – analysing the games with modern computers, also soul-searching – and I changed my conclusions. I am not writing any love letters to IBM, but my respect for the Deep Blue team went up, and my opinion of my own play, and Deep Blue's play, went down. Today you can buy a chess engine for your laptop that will beat Deep Blue quite easily.'[5]
Deep Blue's victory switched the canonical example of a game where humans outmatched machines to the ancient Chinese game of Go, a game of simple rules and far more possible moves than chess, which requires more intuition and is less susceptible to brute force.[6] Go is widely played in China, South Korea, and Japan, and was considered one of the four arts of the Chinese scholar in antiquity. Go programs were able to defeat only amateur players until 2015, when Google DeepMind's AlphaGo program surprisingly defeated Lee Sedol in the match AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol.[7] While Deep Blue mainly relied on brute computational force to evaluate millions of positions, AlphaGo also relied on neural networks and reinforcement learning.
Summary[edit]
Game # | White | Black | Result | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Deep Blue | Kasparov | 1–0 | |
2 | Kasparov | Deep Blue | 1–0 | |
3 | Deep Blue | Kasparov | ½–½ | Draw by mutual agreement |
4 | Kasparov | Deep Blue | ½–½ | Draw by mutual agreement |
5 | Deep Blue | Kasparov | 0–1 | Kasparov offered a draw after the 23rd move. |
6 | Kasparov | Deep Blue | 1–0 | |
Result: Kasparov–Deep Blue: 4–2 |
Game # | White | Black | Result | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Kasparov | Deep Blue | 1–0 | |
2 | Deep Blue | Kasparov | 1–0 | |
3 | Kasparov | Deep Blue | ½–½ | Draw by mutual agreement |
4 | Deep Blue | Kasparov | ½–½ | Draw by mutual agreement |
5 | Kasparov | Deep Blue | ½–½ | Draw by mutual agreement |
6 | Deep Blue | Kasparov | 1–0 | |
Result: Deep Blue–Kasparov: 3½–2½ |
1996 match[edit]
Game 1 [edit]
a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h |
8 | 8 | ||||||
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6 | 6 | ||||||
5 | 5 | ||||||
4 | 4 | ||||||
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2 | 2 | ||||||
1 | 1 | ||||||
a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h |
February 10. The first game of the 1996 match was the first game to be won by a chess-playing computer against a reigning world champion under normal chess tournament conditions, and in particular, classicaltime controls.
Deep Blue vs. Kasparov
1.e4 c5 2.c3 d5 3.exd5 Qxd5 4.d4 Nf6 5.Nf3 Bg4 6.Be2 e6 7.h3 Bh5 8.0-0 Nc6 9.Be3 cxd4 10.cxd4 Bb4 11.a3 Ba5 12.Nc3 Qd6 13.Nb5 Qe7 14.Ne5 Bxe2 15.Qxe2 0-0 16.Rac1 Rac8 17.Bg5 Bb6 18.Bxf6 gxf6 19.Nc4 Rfd8 20.Nxb6 axb6 21.Rfd1 f5 22.Qe3 Qf6 23.d5 Rxd5 24.Rxd5 exd5 25.b3 Kh8 26.Qxb6 Rg8 27.Qc5 d4 28.Nd6 f4 29.Nxb7 Ne5 30.Qd5 f3 31.g3 Nd3 32.Rc7 Re8 33.Nd6 Re1+ 34.Kh2 Nxf2 35.Nxf7+ Kg7 36.Ng5+ Kh6 37.Rxh7+ 1–0
1.e4 c5 2.c3 d5 3.exd5 Qxd5 4.d4 Nf6 5.Nf3 Bg4 6.Be2 e6 7.h3 Bh5 8.0-0 Nc6 9.Be3 cxd4 10.cxd4 Bb4 11.a3 Ba5 12.Nc3 Qd6 13.Nb5 Qe7 14.Ne5 Bxe2 15.Qxe2 0-0 16.Rac1 Rac8 17.Bg5 Bb6 18.Bxf6 gxf6 19.Nc4 Rfd8 20.Nxb6 axb6 21.Rfd1 f5 22.Qe3 Qf6 23.d5 Rxd5 24.Rxd5 exd5 25.b3 Kh8 26.Qxb6 Rg8 27.Qc5 d4 28.Nd6 f4 29.Nxb7 Ne5 30.Qd5 f3 31.g3 Nd3 32.Rc7 Re8 33.Nd6 Re1+ 34.Kh2 Nxf2 35.Nxf7+ Kg7 36.Ng5+ Kh6 37.Rxh7+ 1–0
Game 2 [edit]
a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h |
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7 | 7 | ||||||
6 | 6 | ||||||
5 | 5 | ||||||
4 | 4 | ||||||
3 | 3 | ||||||
2 | 2 | ||||||
1 | 1 | ||||||
a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h |
February 11. The second game began with the Open Catalan Opening. Kasparov played in what could be called a preemptive style blocking all Deep Blue's development attempts. The game lasted for 73 moves but eventually Deep Blue's operator had to resign the game for the computer in a position where both players had a bishop but Kasparov had three pawns to Deep Blue's one.
Kasparov vs. Deep Blue
1.Nf3 d5 2.d4 e6 3.g3 c5 4.Bg2 Nc6 5.0-0 Nf6 6.c4 dxc4 7.Ne5 Bd7 8.Na3 cxd4 9.Naxc4 Bc5 10.Qb3 0-0 11.Qxb7 Nxe5 12.Nxe5 Rb8 13.Qf3 Bd6 14.Nc6 Bxc6 15.Qxc6 e5 16.Rb1 Rb6 17.Qa4 Qb8 18.Bg5 Be7 19.b4 Bxb4 20.Bxf6 gxf6 21.Qd7 Qc8 22.Qxa7 Rb8 23.Qa4 Bc3 24.Rxb8 Qxb8 25.Be4 Qc7 26.Qa6 Kg7 27.Qd3 Rb8 28.Bxh7 Rb2 29.Be4 Rxa2 30.h4 Qc8 31.Qf3 Ra1 32.Rxa1 Bxa1 33.Qh5 Qh8 34.Qg4+ Kf8 35.Qc8+ Kg7 36.Qg4+ Kf8 37.Bd5 Ke7 38.Bc6 Kf8 39.Bd5 Ke7 40.Qf3 Bc3 41.Bc4 Qc8 42.Qd5 Qe6 43.Qb5 Qd7 44.Qc5+ Qd6 45.Qa7+ Qd7 46.Qa8 Qc7 47.Qa3+ Qd6 48.Qa2 f5 49.Bxf7 e4 50.Bh5 Qf6 51.Qa3+ Kd7 52.Qa7+ Kd8 53.Qb8+ Kd7 54.Be8+ Ke7 55.Bb5 Bd2 56.Qc7+ Kf8 57.Bc4 Bc3 58.Kg2 Be1 59.Kf1 Bc3 60.f4 exf3 61.exf3 Bd2 62.f4 Ke8 63.Qc8+ Ke7 64.Qc5+ Kd8 65.Bd3 Be3 66.Qxf5 Qc6 67.Qf8+ Kc7 68.Qe7+ Kc8 69.Bf5+ Kb8 70.Qd8+ Kb7 71.Qd7+ Qxd7 72.Bxd7 Kc7 73.Bb5 1–0
1.Nf3 d5 2.d4 e6 3.g3 c5 4.Bg2 Nc6 5.0-0 Nf6 6.c4 dxc4 7.Ne5 Bd7 8.Na3 cxd4 9.Naxc4 Bc5 10.Qb3 0-0 11.Qxb7 Nxe5 12.Nxe5 Rb8 13.Qf3 Bd6 14.Nc6 Bxc6 15.Qxc6 e5 16.Rb1 Rb6 17.Qa4 Qb8 18.Bg5 Be7 19.b4 Bxb4 20.Bxf6 gxf6 21.Qd7 Qc8 22.Qxa7 Rb8 23.Qa4 Bc3 24.Rxb8 Qxb8 25.Be4 Qc7 26.Qa6 Kg7 27.Qd3 Rb8 28.Bxh7 Rb2 29.Be4 Rxa2 30.h4 Qc8 31.Qf3 Ra1 32.Rxa1 Bxa1 33.Qh5 Qh8 34.Qg4+ Kf8 35.Qc8+ Kg7 36.Qg4+ Kf8 37.Bd5 Ke7 38.Bc6 Kf8 39.Bd5 Ke7 40.Qf3 Bc3 41.Bc4 Qc8 42.Qd5 Qe6 43.Qb5 Qd7 44.Qc5+ Qd6 45.Qa7+ Qd7 46.Qa8 Qc7 47.Qa3+ Qd6 48.Qa2 f5 49.Bxf7 e4 50.Bh5 Qf6 51.Qa3+ Kd7 52.Qa7+ Kd8 53.Qb8+ Kd7 54.Be8+ Ke7 55.Bb5 Bd2 56.Qc7+ Kf8 57.Bc4 Bc3 58.Kg2 Be1 59.Kf1 Bc3 60.f4 exf3 61.exf3 Bd2 62.f4 Ke8 63.Qc8+ Ke7 64.Qc5+ Kd8 65.Bd3 Be3 66.Qxf5 Qc6 67.Qf8+ Kc7 68.Qe7+ Kc8 69.Bf5+ Kb8 70.Qd8+ Kb7 71.Qd7+ Qxd7 72.Bxd7 Kc7 73.Bb5 1–0
Game 3 [edit]
February 13. In the third game Kasparov played the Sicilian Defence to which Deep Blue responded with the Alapin Variation. The game lasted for 39 moves and was drawn.
Deep Blue vs. Kasparov
1.e4 c5 2.c3 d5 3.exd5 Qxd5 4.d4 Nf6 5.Nf3 Bg4 6.Be2 e6 7.0-0 Nc6 8.Be3 cxd4 9.cxd4 Bb4 10.a3 Ba5 11.Nc3 Qd6 12.Ne5 Bxe2 13.Qxe2 Bxc3 14.bxc3 Nxe5 15.Bf4 Nf3+ 16.Qxf3 Qd5 17.Qd3 Rc8 18.Rfc1 Qc4 19.Qxc4 Rxc4 20.Rcb1 b6 21.Bb8 Ra4 22.Rb4 Ra5 23.Rc4 0-0 24.Bd6 Ra8 25.Rc6 b5 26.Kf1 Ra4 27.Rb1 a6 28.Ke2 h5 29.Kd3 Rd8 30.Be7 Rd7 31.Bxf6 gxf6 32.Rb3 Kg7 33.Ke3 e5 34.g3 exd4+ 35.cxd4 Re7+ 36.Kf3 Rd7 37.Rd3 Raxd4 38.Rxd4 Rxd4 39.Rxa6 b4 ½–½
1.e4 c5 2.c3 d5 3.exd5 Qxd5 4.d4 Nf6 5.Nf3 Bg4 6.Be2 e6 7.0-0 Nc6 8.Be3 cxd4 9.cxd4 Bb4 10.a3 Ba5 11.Nc3 Qd6 12.Ne5 Bxe2 13.Qxe2 Bxc3 14.bxc3 Nxe5 15.Bf4 Nf3+ 16.Qxf3 Qd5 17.Qd3 Rc8 18.Rfc1 Qc4 19.Qxc4 Rxc4 20.Rcb1 b6 21.Bb8 Ra4 22.Rb4 Ra5 23.Rc4 0-0 24.Bd6 Ra8 25.Rc6 b5 26.Kf1 Ra4 27.Rb1 a6 28.Ke2 h5 29.Kd3 Rd8 30.Be7 Rd7 31.Bxf6 gxf6 32.Rb3 Kg7 33.Ke3 e5 34.g3 exd4+ 35.cxd4 Re7+ 36.Kf3 Rd7 37.Rd3 Raxd4 38.Rxd4 Rxd4 39.Rxa6 b4 ½–½
Game 4 [edit]
February 14. The fourth game was the second game to end in a draw, even though at one point Deep Blue's team refused Kasparov's draw offer. The opening played was the Semi-Slav Defense.
Kasparov vs. Deep Blue
1.Nf3 d5 2.d4 c6 3.c4 e6 4.Nbd2 Nf6 5.e3 Nbd7 6.Bd3 Bd6 7.e4 dxe4 8.Nxe4 Nxe4 9.Bxe4 0-0 10.0-0 h6 11.Bc2 e5 12.Re1 exd4 13.Qxd4 Bc5 14.Qc3 a5 15.a3 Nf6 16.Be3 Bxe3 17.Rxe3 Bg4 18.Ne5 Re8 19.Rae1 Be6 20.f4 Qc8 21.h3 b5 22.f5 Bxc4 23.Nxc4 bxc4 24.Rxe8+ Nxe8 25.Re4 Nf6 26.Rxc4 Nd5 27.Qe5 Qd7 28.Rg4 f6 29.Qd4 Kh7 30.Re4 Rd8 31.Kh1 Qc7 32.Qf2 Qb8 33.Ba4 c5 34.Bc6 c4 35.Rxc4 Nb4 36.Bf3 Nd3 37.Qh4 Qxb2 38.Qg3 Qxa3 39.Rc7 Qf8 40.Ra7 Ne5 41.Rxa5 Qf7 42.Rxe5 fxe5 43.Qxe5 Re8 44.Qf4 Qf6 45.Bh5 Rf8 46.Bg6+ Kh8 47.Qc7 Qd4 48.Kh2 Ra8 49.Bh5 Qf6 50.Bg6 Rg8 ½–½
1.Nf3 d5 2.d4 c6 3.c4 e6 4.Nbd2 Nf6 5.e3 Nbd7 6.Bd3 Bd6 7.e4 dxe4 8.Nxe4 Nxe4 9.Bxe4 0-0 10.0-0 h6 11.Bc2 e5 12.Re1 exd4 13.Qxd4 Bc5 14.Qc3 a5 15.a3 Nf6 16.Be3 Bxe3 17.Rxe3 Bg4 18.Ne5 Re8 19.Rae1 Be6 20.f4 Qc8 21.h3 b5 22.f5 Bxc4 23.Nxc4 bxc4 24.Rxe8+ Nxe8 25.Re4 Nf6 26.Rxc4 Nd5 27.Qe5 Qd7 28.Rg4 f6 29.Qd4 Kh7 30.Re4 Rd8 31.Kh1 Qc7 32.Qf2 Qb8 33.Ba4 c5 34.Bc6 c4 35.Rxc4 Nb4 36.Bf3 Nd3 37.Qh4 Qxb2 38.Qg3 Qxa3 39.Rc7 Qf8 40.Ra7 Ne5 41.Rxa5 Qf7 42.Rxe5 fxe5 43.Qxe5 Re8 44.Qf4 Qf6 45.Bh5 Rf8 46.Bg6+ Kh8 47.Qc7 Qd4 48.Kh2 Ra8 49.Bh5 Qf6 50.Bg6 Rg8 ½–½
Game 5 [edit]
February 16. The fifth game was the turning point of the match. During the game, Kasparov, playing Black, chose a different opening, the Four Knights Game, from the Sicilian Defence he had played in games one and three and came out on top. This game was particularly embarrassing for the Deep Blue team, because they had declined Kasparov's draw offer after the 23rd move. This was the only game in the match that Black won.
Deep Blue vs. Kasparov
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nc3 Nc6 4.d4 exd4 5.Nxd4 Bb4 6.Nxc6 bxc6 7.Bd3 d5 8.exd5 cxd5 9.0-0 0-0 10.Bg5 c6 11.Qf3 Be7 12.Rae1 Re8 13.Ne2 h6 14.Bf4 Bd6 15.Nd4 Bg4 16.Qg3 Bxf4 17.Qxf4 Qb6 18.c4 Bd7 19.cxd5 cxd5 20.Rxe8+ Rxe8 21.Qd2 Ne4 22.Bxe4 dxe4 23.b3 Rd8 (=) 24.Qc3 f5 25.Rd1 Be6 26.Qe3 Bf7 27.Qc3 f4 28.Rd2 Qf6 29.g3 Rd5 30.a3 Kh7 31.Kg2 Qe5 32.f3 e3 33.Rd3 e2 34.gxf4 e1=Q 35.fxe5 Qxc3 36.Rxc3 Rxd4 37.b4 Bc4 38.Kf2 g5 39.Re3 Be6 40.Rc3 Bc4 41.Re3 Rd2+ 42.Ke1 Rd3 43.Kf2 Kg6 44.Rxd3 Bxd3 45.Ke3 Bc2 46.Kd4 Kf5 47.Kd5 h5 0–1
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nc3 Nc6 4.d4 exd4 5.Nxd4 Bb4 6.Nxc6 bxc6 7.Bd3 d5 8.exd5 cxd5 9.0-0 0-0 10.Bg5 c6 11.Qf3 Be7 12.Rae1 Re8 13.Ne2 h6 14.Bf4 Bd6 15.Nd4 Bg4 16.Qg3 Bxf4 17.Qxf4 Qb6 18.c4 Bd7 19.cxd5 cxd5 20.Rxe8+ Rxe8 21.Qd2 Ne4 22.Bxe4 dxe4 23.b3 Rd8 (=) 24.Qc3 f5 25.Rd1 Be6 26.Qe3 Bf7 27.Qc3 f4 28.Rd2 Qf6 29.g3 Rd5 30.a3 Kh7 31.Kg2 Qe5 32.f3 e3 33.Rd3 e2 34.gxf4 e1=Q 35.fxe5 Qxc3 36.Rxc3 Rxd4 37.b4 Bc4 38.Kf2 g5 39.Re3 Be6 40.Rc3 Bc4 41.Re3 Rd2+ 42.Ke1 Rd3 43.Kf2 Kg6 44.Rxd3 Bxd3 45.Ke3 Bc2 46.Kd4 Kf5 47.Kd5 h5 0–1
Game 6 [edit]
a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h |
8 | 8 | ||||||
7 | 7 | ||||||
6 | 6 | ||||||
5 | 5 | ||||||
4 | 4 | ||||||
3 | 3 | ||||||
2 | 2 | ||||||
1 | 1 | ||||||
a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h |
Final position after 43.Rb4
February 17. The sixth game was an illustration of just how badly computers can play in some positions. Employing anti-computer tactics and keeping the focus of the game on long-term planning, Kasparov slowly improved his position throughout the mid-game while Deep Blue wasted time doing very little to improve its position. By the end of the game, Deep Blue's pieces were crammed into its queenside corner, with no moves to make aside from shuffling its king. Kasparov had all the time in the world to finish the rout.[8] Kasparov's next move would probably have been 44.Qe7 to exchange the queens. That would have allowed his pawn, which was about to promote, to advance.[9]
Kasparov vs. Deep Blue
1.Nf3 d5 2.d4 c6 3.c4 e6 4.Nbd2 Nf6 5.e3 c5 6.b3 Nc6 7.Bb2 cxd4 8.exd4 Be7 9.Rc1 0-0 10.Bd3 Bd7 11.0-0 Nh5 12.Re1 Nf4 13.Bb1 Bd6 14.g3 Ng6 15.Ne5 Rc8 16.Nxd7 Qxd7 17.Nf3 Bb4 18.Re3 Rfd8 19.h4 Nge7 20.a3 Ba5 21.b4 Bc7 22.c5 Re8 23.Qd3 g6 24.Re2 Nf5 25.Bc3 h5 26.b5 Nce7 27.Bd2 Kg7 28.a4 Ra8 29.a5 a6 30.b6 Bb8 31.Bc2 Nc6 32.Ba4 Re7 33.Bc3 Ne5 34.dxe5 Qxa4 35.Nd4 Nxd4 36.Qxd4 Qd7 37.Bd2 Re8 38.Bg5 Rc8 39.Bf6+ Kh7 40.c6 bxc6 41.Qc5 Kh6 42.Rb2 Qb7 43.Rb4 1–0
1.Nf3 d5 2.d4 c6 3.c4 e6 4.Nbd2 Nf6 5.e3 c5 6.b3 Nc6 7.Bb2 cxd4 8.exd4 Be7 9.Rc1 0-0 10.Bd3 Bd7 11.0-0 Nh5 12.Re1 Nf4 13.Bb1 Bd6 14.g3 Ng6 15.Ne5 Rc8 16.Nxd7 Qxd7 17.Nf3 Bb4 18.Re3 Rfd8 19.h4 Nge7 20.a3 Ba5 21.b4 Bc7 22.c5 Re8 23.Qd3 g6 24.Re2 Nf5 25.Bc3 h5 26.b5 Nce7 27.Bd2 Kg7 28.a4 Ra8 29.a5 a6 30.b6 Bb8 31.Bc2 Nc6 32.Ba4 Re7 33.Bc3 Ne5 34.dxe5 Qxa4 35.Nd4 Nxd4 36.Qxd4 Qd7 37.Bd2 Re8 38.Bg5 Rc8 39.Bf6+ Kh7 40.c6 bxc6 41.Qc5 Kh6 42.Rb2 Qb7 43.Rb4 1–0
1997 rematch[edit]
Game 1 [edit]
May 3. The 1997 rematch began with the King's Indian Attack, which led Kasparov to victory in 45 moves.
Kasparov vs. Deep Blue
1.Nf3 d5 2.g3 Bg4 3.b3 Nd7 4.Bb2 e6 5.Bg2 Ngf6 6.0-0 c6 7.d3 Bd6 8.Nbd2 0-0 9.h3 Bh5 10.e3 h6 11.Qe1 Qa5 12.a3 Bc7 13.Nh4 g5 14.Nhf3 e5 15.e4 Rfe8 16.Nh2 Qb6 17.Qc1 a5 18.Re1 Bd6 19.Ndf1 dxe4 20.dxe4 Bc5 21.Ne3 Rad8 22.Nhf1 g4 23.hxg4 Nxg4 24.f3 Nxe3 25.Nxe3 Be7 26.Kh1 Bg5 27.Re2 a4 28.b4 f5 29.exf5 e4 30.f4 Bxe2 31.fxg5 Ne5 32.g6 Bf3 33.Bc3 Qb5 34.Qf1 Qxf1+ 35.Rxf1 h5 36.Kg1 Kf8 37.Bh3 b5 38.Kf2 Kg7 39.g4 Kh6 40.Rg1 hxg4 41.Bxg4 Bxg4 42.Nxg4+ Nxg4+ 43.Rxg4 Rd5 44.f6 Rd1 45.g7 1–0
1.Nf3 d5 2.g3 Bg4 3.b3 Nd7 4.Bb2 e6 5.Bg2 Ngf6 6.0-0 c6 7.d3 Bd6 8.Nbd2 0-0 9.h3 Bh5 10.e3 h6 11.Qe1 Qa5 12.a3 Bc7 13.Nh4 g5 14.Nhf3 e5 15.e4 Rfe8 16.Nh2 Qb6 17.Qc1 a5 18.Re1 Bd6 19.Ndf1 dxe4 20.dxe4 Bc5 21.Ne3 Rad8 22.Nhf1 g4 23.hxg4 Nxg4 24.f3 Nxe3 25.Nxe3 Be7 26.Kh1 Bg5 27.Re2 a4 28.b4 f5 29.exf5 e4 30.f4 Bxe2 31.fxg5 Ne5 32.g6 Bf3 33.Bc3 Qb5 34.Qf1 Qxf1+ 35.Rxf1 h5 36.Kg1 Kf8 37.Bh3 b5 38.Kf2 Kg7 39.g4 Kh6 40.Rg1 hxg4 41.Bxg4 Bxg4 42.Nxg4+ Nxg4+ 43.Rxg4 Rd5 44.f6 Rd1 45.g7 1–0
Game 2 [edit]
a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h |
8 | 8 | ||||||
7 | 7 | ||||||
6 | 6 | ||||||
5 | 5 | ||||||
4 | 4 | ||||||
3 | 3 | ||||||
2 | 2 | ||||||
1 | 1 | ||||||
a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h |
May 4. The game started with the Ruy Lopez opening, Smyslov Variation. Kasparov eventually resigned, although post-game analysis indicates that he could have held a draw in the final position. After this game Kasparov accused IBM of cheating, by alleging that a grandmaster (presumably a top rival) had been behind a certain move. The claim was repeated in the documentary Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine.[10][11]
Deep Blue vs. Kasparov
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 0-0 9.h3 h6 10.d4 Re8 11.Nbd2 Bf8 12.Nf1 Bd7 13.Ng3 Na5 14.Bc2 c5 15.b3 Nc6 16.d5 Ne7 17.Be3 Ng6 18.Qd2 Nh7 19.a4 Nh4 20.Nxh4 Qxh4 21.Qe2 Qd8 22.b4 Qc7 23.Rec1 c4 24.Ra3 Rec8 25.Rca1 Qd8 26.f4 Nf6 27.fxe5 dxe5 28.Qf1 Ne8 29.Qf2 Nd6 30.Bb6 Qe8 31.R3a2 Be7 32.Bc5 Bf8 33.Nf5 Bxf5 34.exf5 f6 35.Bxd6 Bxd6 36.axb5 axb5 37.Be4 Rxa2 38.Qxa2 Qd7 39.Qa7 Rc7 40.Qb6 Rb7 41.Ra8+ Kf7 42.Qa6 Qc7 43.Qc6 Qb6+ 44.Kf1 Rb8 45.Ra6 1–0
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 0-0 9.h3 h6 10.d4 Re8 11.Nbd2 Bf8 12.Nf1 Bd7 13.Ng3 Na5 14.Bc2 c5 15.b3 Nc6 16.d5 Ne7 17.Be3 Ng6 18.Qd2 Nh7 19.a4 Nh4 20.Nxh4 Qxh4 21.Qe2 Qd8 22.b4 Qc7 23.Rec1 c4 24.Ra3 Rec8 25.Rca1 Qd8 26.f4 Nf6 27.fxe5 dxe5 28.Qf1 Ne8 29.Qf2 Nd6 30.Bb6 Qe8 31.R3a2 Be7 32.Bc5 Bf8 33.Nf5 Bxf5 34.exf5 f6 35.Bxd6 Bxd6 36.axb5 axb5 37.Be4 Rxa2 38.Qxa2 Qd7 39.Qa7 Rc7 40.Qb6 Rb7 41.Ra8+ Kf7 42.Qa6 Qc7 43.Qc6 Qb6+ 44.Kf1 Rb8 45.Ra6 1–0
At the time it was reported that Kasparov missed the fact that after 45..Qe3 46.Qxd6 Re8, Black (Kasparov) can force a draw by perpetual check. His friends told him so the next morning.[12] They suggested 47.h4 h5!, a position after which the black queen can perpetually check White. This is possible as Deep Blue moved 44.Kf1 instead of an alternate move of its king. Regarding the end of game 2 and 44.Kf1 in particular, chess journalist Mig Greengard in the Game Over film states, 'It turns out, that the position in, here at the end is actually a draw, and that, one of Deep Blue's final moves was a terrible error, because Deep Blue has two choices here. It can move its king here or move its king over here. It picked the wrong place to step.' Another person in that film, four-time US champion Yasser Seirawan, then concludes that, 'The computer had left its king a little un-defended. And Garry could have threatened a perpetual check, not a win but a perpetual check.'
Modern chess engines consider the final position as better (but maybe not won) for White.[13][14] The mistake was actually not 44.Kf1 but 45.Ra6?! when instead 45.Qd7+ was a clear win (White will exchange queens, bring his king to e4 and his bishop to g6 after which Black sooner or later is in zugzwang, and will be mated, or lose his b5-pawn, or the d5-pawn advances, opening roads for the white king).
The move that surprised Kasparov enough to allege cheating was 36.axb5! axb5 37.Be4! after which Black is lost. A more materialistic machine could have won two pawns with 36.Qb6 Rd8 37.axb5 Rab8 38.Qxa6, but after 38..e4! Black would have acquired strong counterplay.[15] Kasparov and many others thought the move 36.axb5! was too sophisticated for a computer, suggesting there had been some sort of human intervention during the game. In 2012 Murray Campbell, one of the three IBM computer scientists who designed Deep Blue, revealed that the move was actually the result of a bug in Deep Blue's software.[15][16]
Game 3 [edit]
May 6. The third game was interesting because Kasparov chose to use an irregular opening, the Mieses Opening. He believed that by playing an esoteric opening, the computer would get out of its opening book and play the opening worse than it would have done using the book. Although this is nowadays a common tactic, it was a relatively new idea at the time.[17] Despite this anti-computer tactic, the game was drawn.
Kasparov vs. Deep Blue
1.d3 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.c4 Nf6 4.a3 d6 5.Nc3 Be7 6.g3 0-0 7.Bg2 Be6 8.0-0 Qd7 9.Ng5 Bf5 10.e4 Bg4 11.f3 Bh5 12.Nh3 Nd4 13.Nf2 h6 14.Be3 c5 15.b4 b6 16.Rb1 Kh8 17.Rb2 a6 18.bxc5 bxc5 19.Bh3 Qc7 20.Bg4 Bg6 21.f4 exf4 22.gxf4 Qa5 23.Bd2 Qxa3 24.Ra2 Qb3 25.f5 Qxd1 26.Bxd1 Bh7 27.Nh3 Rfb8 28.Nf4 Bd8 29.Nfd5 Nc6 30.Bf4 Ne5 31.Ba4 Nxd5 32.Nxd5 a5 33.Bb5 Ra7 34.Kg2 g5 35.Bxe5+ dxe5 36.f6 Bg6 37.h4 gxh4 38.Kh3 Kg8 39.Kxh4 Kh7 40.Kg4 Bc7 41.Nxc7 Rxc7 42.Rxa5 Rd8 43.Rf3 Kh8 44.Kh4 Kg8 45.Ra3 Kh8 46.Ra6 Kh7 47.Ra3 Kh8 48.Ra6 ½–½
1.d3 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.c4 Nf6 4.a3 d6 5.Nc3 Be7 6.g3 0-0 7.Bg2 Be6 8.0-0 Qd7 9.Ng5 Bf5 10.e4 Bg4 11.f3 Bh5 12.Nh3 Nd4 13.Nf2 h6 14.Be3 c5 15.b4 b6 16.Rb1 Kh8 17.Rb2 a6 18.bxc5 bxc5 19.Bh3 Qc7 20.Bg4 Bg6 21.f4 exf4 22.gxf4 Qa5 23.Bd2 Qxa3 24.Ra2 Qb3 25.f5 Qxd1 26.Bxd1 Bh7 27.Nh3 Rfb8 28.Nf4 Bd8 29.Nfd5 Nc6 30.Bf4 Ne5 31.Ba4 Nxd5 32.Nxd5 a5 33.Bb5 Ra7 34.Kg2 g5 35.Bxe5+ dxe5 36.f6 Bg6 37.h4 gxh4 38.Kh3 Kg8 39.Kxh4 Kh7 40.Kg4 Bc7 41.Nxc7 Rxc7 42.Rxa5 Rd8 43.Rf3 Kh8 44.Kh4 Kg8 45.Ra3 Kh8 46.Ra6 Kh7 47.Ra3 Kh8 48.Ra6 ½–½
Game 4 [edit]
May 7. In this game Kasparov played the Caro–Kann Defence. Kasparov got into time trouble late in the game. The sub-optimal moves he played in a hurry may have cost him the victory.[18]
Deep Blue vs. Kasparov
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 Bg4 5.h3 Bh5 6.Bd3 e6 7.Qe2 d5 8.Bg5 Be7 9.e5 Nfd7 10.Bxe7 Qxe7 11.g4 Bg6 12.Bxg6 hxg6 13.h4 Na6 14.0-0-0 0-0-0 15.Rdg1 Nc7 16.Kb1 f6 17.exf6 Qxf6 18.Rg3 Rde8 19.Re1 Rhf8 20.Nd1 e5 21.dxe5 Qf4 22.a3 Ne6 23.Nc3 Ndc5 24.b4 Nd7 25.Qd3 Qf7 26.b5 Ndc5 27.Qe3 Qf4 28.bxc6 bxc6 29.Rd1 Kc7 30.Ka1 Qxe3 31.fxe3 Rf7 32.Rh3 Ref8 33.Nd4 Rf2 34.Rb1 Rg2 35.Nce2 Rxg4 36.Nxe6+ Nxe6 37.Nd4 Nxd4 38.exd4 Rxd4 39.Rg1 Rc4 40.Rxg6 Rxc2 41.Rxg7+ Kb6 42.Rb3+ Kc5 43.Rxa7 Rf1+ 44.Rb1 Rff2 45.Rb4 Rc1+ 46.Rb1 Rcc2 47.Rb4 Rc1+ 48.Rb1 Rxb1+ 49.Kxb1 Re2 50.Re7 Rh2 51.Rh7 Kc4 52.Rc7 c5 53.e6 Rxh4 54.e7 Re4 55.a4 Kb3 56.Kc1 ½–½
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.Nc3 Bg4 5.h3 Bh5 6.Bd3 e6 7.Qe2 d5 8.Bg5 Be7 9.e5 Nfd7 10.Bxe7 Qxe7 11.g4 Bg6 12.Bxg6 hxg6 13.h4 Na6 14.0-0-0 0-0-0 15.Rdg1 Nc7 16.Kb1 f6 17.exf6 Qxf6 18.Rg3 Rde8 19.Re1 Rhf8 20.Nd1 e5 21.dxe5 Qf4 22.a3 Ne6 23.Nc3 Ndc5 24.b4 Nd7 25.Qd3 Qf7 26.b5 Ndc5 27.Qe3 Qf4 28.bxc6 bxc6 29.Rd1 Kc7 30.Ka1 Qxe3 31.fxe3 Rf7 32.Rh3 Ref8 33.Nd4 Rf2 34.Rb1 Rg2 35.Nce2 Rxg4 36.Nxe6+ Nxe6 37.Nd4 Nxd4 38.exd4 Rxd4 39.Rg1 Rc4 40.Rxg6 Rxc2 41.Rxg7+ Kb6 42.Rb3+ Kc5 43.Rxa7 Rf1+ 44.Rb1 Rff2 45.Rb4 Rc1+ 46.Rb1 Rcc2 47.Rb4 Rc1+ 48.Rb1 Rxb1+ 49.Kxb1 Re2 50.Re7 Rh2 51.Rh7 Kc4 52.Rc7 c5 53.e6 Rxh4 54.e7 Re4 55.a4 Kb3 56.Kc1 ½–½
Game 5 [edit]
a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h |
8 | 8 | ||||||
7 | 7 | ||||||
6 | 6 | ||||||
5 | 5 | ||||||
4 | 4 | ||||||
3 | 3 | ||||||
2 | 2 | ||||||
1 | 1 | ||||||
a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h |
Final position after 49..Kb4
May 10. In this game, the King's Indian Attack opening was played. As in the previous game, Deep Blue played a brilliant endgame that secured a draw, when it was looking as if Kasparov would win. It was later discovered that Kasparov had a win beginning with 44.Rg7+.[19]
Kasparov vs. Deep Blue
1.Nf3 d5 2.g3 Bg4 3.Bg2 Nd7 4.h3 Bxf3 5.Bxf3 c6 6.d3 e6 7.e4 Ne5 8.Bg2 dxe4 9.Bxe4 Nf6 10.Bg2 Bb4+ 11.Nd2 h5 12.Qe2 Qc7 13.c3 Be7 14.d4 Ng6 15.h4 e5 16.Nf3 exd4 17.Nxd4 0-0-0 18.Bg5 Ng4 19.0-0-0 Rhe8 20.Qc2 Kb8 21.Kb1 Bxg5 22.hxg5 N6e5 23.Rhe1 c5 24.Nf3 Rxd1+ 25.Rxd1 Nc4 26.Qa4 Rd8 27.Re1 Nb6 28.Qc2 Qd6 29.c4 Qg6 30.Qxg6 fxg6 31.b3 Nxf2 32.Re6 Kc7 33.Rxg6 Rd7 34.Nh4 Nc8 35.Bd5 Nd6 36.Re6 Nb5 37.cxb5 Rxd5 38.Rg6 Rd7 39.Nf5 Ne4 40.Nxg7 Rd1+ 41.Kc2 Rd2+ 42.Kc1 Rxa2 43.Nxh5 Nd2 44.Nf4 Nxb3+ 45.Kb1 Rd2 46.Re6 c4 47.Re3 Kb6 48.g6 Kxb5 49.g7 Kb4 ½–½
1.Nf3 d5 2.g3 Bg4 3.Bg2 Nd7 4.h3 Bxf3 5.Bxf3 c6 6.d3 e6 7.e4 Ne5 8.Bg2 dxe4 9.Bxe4 Nf6 10.Bg2 Bb4+ 11.Nd2 h5 12.Qe2 Qc7 13.c3 Be7 14.d4 Ng6 15.h4 e5 16.Nf3 exd4 17.Nxd4 0-0-0 18.Bg5 Ng4 19.0-0-0 Rhe8 20.Qc2 Kb8 21.Kb1 Bxg5 22.hxg5 N6e5 23.Rhe1 c5 24.Nf3 Rxd1+ 25.Rxd1 Nc4 26.Qa4 Rd8 27.Re1 Nb6 28.Qc2 Qd6 29.c4 Qg6 30.Qxg6 fxg6 31.b3 Nxf2 32.Re6 Kc7 33.Rxg6 Rd7 34.Nh4 Nc8 35.Bd5 Nd6 36.Re6 Nb5 37.cxb5 Rxd5 38.Rg6 Rd7 39.Nf5 Ne4 40.Nxg7 Rd1+ 41.Kc2 Rd2+ 42.Kc1 Rxa2 43.Nxh5 Nd2 44.Nf4 Nxb3+ 45.Kb1 Rd2 46.Re6 c4 47.Re3 Kb6 48.g6 Kxb5 49.g7 Kb4 ½–½
If White plays 50.g8=Q then Black can force a draw by threefold repetition, starting with 50..Rd1+ and then 51..Rd2+.
Game 6 [edit]
a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h |
8 | 8 | ||||||
7 | 7 | ||||||
6 | 6 | ||||||
5 | 5 | ||||||
4 | 4 | ||||||
3 | 3 | ||||||
2 | 2 | ||||||
1 | 1 | ||||||
a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h |
May 11. Before the sixth game, the overall score was even: 2½–2½. As in game 4, Kasparov played the Caro–Kann Defence. Deep Blue made a knight sacrifice which wrecked Kasparov's defence and forced him to resign in less than twenty moves. As Kasparov later recounts, he chose to play a dubious opening in an effort to put Deep Blue out of its comfort zone. Although the knight sacrifice is a well known refutation, Kasparov reasoned that an engine wouldn't play the move without a concrete gain. The only reason Deep Blue played in that way, as was later revealed, was because that very same day of the game the creators of Deep Blue had inputted the variation into the opening database.[citation needed]
Deep Blue vs. Kasparov
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nd7 5.Ng5 Ngf6 6.Bd3 e6 7.N1f3 h6 (diagram) 8.Nxe6 Qe7 9.0-0 fxe6 10.Bg6+ Kd8 11.Bf4 b5 12.a4 Bb7 13.Re1 Nd5 14.Bg3 Kc8 15.axb5 cxb5 16.Qd3 Bc6 17.Bf5 exf5 18.Rxe7 Bxe7 19.c4 1–0
1.e4 c6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 dxe4 4.Nxe4 Nd7 5.Ng5 Ngf6 6.Bd3 e6 7.N1f3 h6 (diagram) 8.Nxe6 Qe7 9.0-0 fxe6 10.Bg6+ Kd8 11.Bf4 b5 12.a4 Bb7 13.Re1 Nd5 14.Bg3 Kc8 15.axb5 cxb5 16.Qd3 Bc6 17.Bf5 exf5 18.Rxe7 Bxe7 19.c4 1–0
See also[edit]
- AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol, similar but with Go
- Arimaa – Kasparov's loss to Deep Blue inspired the creation of a new game designed to be difficult for computers, yet playable with a chess set.
References[edit]
- ^'Signals: The Man vs. The Machine'. espn.go.com. ESPN. Retrieved 2014-10-24.
- ^'Be Afraid'. www.weeklystandard.com. 26 May 1997. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
- ^Somers, James. 'The Man Who Would Teach Machines to Think'. www.theatlantic.com. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
- ^Finley, Klint. 'Did a Computer Bug Help Deep Blue Beat Kasparov?'. Wired. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
- ^'Kasparov on the future of Artificial Intelligence'. Chess News. 2016-12-29. Retrieved 2016-12-29.
- ^'The Electronic Holy War'. The New Yorker. 25 March 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
- ^Byford, Sam (12 March 2016). 'DeepMind's AlphaGo secures victory over Lee Se-dol with third straight win'. The Verge. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
- ^Burgess, Graham (2010), The Mammoth Book of Chess, Running Press
- ^Tim Harding. 'How Much Longer Can Man Match the Computer?'(118 kBPDF). The Kibitzer. Chesscafe.com. Retrieved 2008-02-09.
- ^Robert Koehler (2003-09-09). 'Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine'. Variety. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
- ^'Deep Blue's cheating move'. Chess News. 2015-02-19. Retrieved 2016-04-28.
- ^Frederic Friedel. 'Garry Kasparov vs. Deep Blue'. Daily Chess Columns. Chessbase.com. Archived from the original on 2007-04-09. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
- ^'Online computer analysis of the final position of game 2'. Retrieved 2015-05-01.
- ^'Kasparov – Deep Blue 1997: History gets it wrong!'. Retrieved 2015-05-01.
- ^ abSilver, Albert (2015-02-19). 'Deep Blue's cheating move'. Chess News.
- ^Finley, Klint (2012-09-28). 'Did a Computer Bug Help Deep Blue Beat Kasparov?'. Wired. ISSN1059-1028. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
- ^'Mig on Chess #178: All the News That's Fit to Mock'. Daily Chess Columns. Chessbase.com. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
- ^'The official site of the matches – The 1997 game 4'. Deep Blue. IBM Research. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
- ^Silver, Albert (9 January 2015). 'Komodo 8: Deep Blue revisited (part three)'. ChessBase. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
Bibliography[edit]
- 'The official site of the matches'. Deep Blue. IBM Research. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
- 'Garry Kasparov vs Deep Blue, 12 games'. Chessgames.com. Retrieved 2007-04-18.
Further reading[edit]
- Gardner, Martin (2001). A Gardner's Workout: Training the Mind and Entertaining the Spirit. A K Peters. pp. 91–95. ISBN978-1-56881-120-8.
- Goodman, David; Keene, Raymond (1997). Man Versus Machine: Kasparov Versus Deep Blue. H3. ISBN978-1888281064.
- Hsu, Feng-hsiung (2002). Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer that Defeated the World Chess Champion. Princeton University Press. ISBN0-691-09065-3.
- Khodarkovsky, Michael; Shamkovich, Leonoid (1997). A New Era: World Championship Chess in the Age of Deep Blue. Ballantine. ISBN978-0345408907.
- King, Daniel (1997). Kasparov v. Deeper Blue: The Ultimate Man v. Machine Challenge. Batsford. ISBN0-7134-8322-9.
- Newborn, Monty (1996). Kasparov versus Deep Blue: Computer Chess Comes of Age. Springer. ISBN0-387-94820-1.
- Pandolfini, Bruce (1997). Kasparov and Deep Blue: The Historic Chess Match Between Man and Machine. Fireside Chess Library. ISBN9780684848525.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deep_Blue_versus_Garry_Kasparov&oldid=916297436'
Garry Kasparov | |
---|---|
Full name | Garry Kimovich Kasparov |
Country | Soviet Union(until 1991) Russia(1992−2014) Croatia(since 2014)[1] |
Born | 13 April 1963 (age 56) Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Union (now Baku, Azerbaijan) |
Title | Grandmaster (1980) |
World Champion | 1985–1993 (undisputed) 1993–2000 (classical) |
2812 (October 2019) [inactive] | |
Peak rating | 2851 (July 1999, January 2000) |
Peak ranking | No. 1 (January 1984) |
from Kasparov's interview for Echo of Moscow, 13 September 2011 | |
Problems playing this file? See media help. |
Garry Kimovich Kasparov (Russian: Га́рри Ки́мович Каспа́ров, Russian pronunciation: [ˈɡarʲɪ ˈkʲiməvʲɪtɕ kɐˈsparəf]; born Garik Kimovich Weinstein,[2] 13 April 1963) is a Russian chess grandmaster, former world chess champion, writer, and political activist, whom many consider to be the greatest chess player of all time.[3] From 1986 until his retirement in 2005, Kasparov was ranked world No. 1 for 225 out of 228 months. His peak rating of 2851,[4] achieved in 1999, was the highest recorded until being surpassed by Magnus Carlsen in 2013. Kasparov also holds records for consecutive professional tournament victories (15) and Chess Oscars (11).
Kasparov became the youngest ever undisputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at age 22 by defeating then-champion Anatoly Karpov.[5] He held the official FIDE world title until 1993, when a dispute with FIDE led him to set up a rival organization, the Professional Chess Association.[6] In 1997 he became the first world champion to lose a match to a computer under standard time controls, when he lost to the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue in a highly publicized match. He continued to hold the 'Classical' World Chess Championship until his defeat by Vladimir Kramnik in 2000. In spite of losing the title, he continued winning tournaments and was the world's highest-rated player when he retired from professional chess in 2005.
After Kasparov retired, he devoted his time to politics and writing. He formed the United Civil Front movement, and joined as a member of The Other Russia, a coalition opposing the administration and policies of Vladimir Putin. In 2008, he announced an intention to run as a candidate in that year's Russian presidential race, but failure to find a sufficiently large rental space to assemble the number of supporters that is legally required to endorse such a candidacy led him to withdraw. Kasparov blamed 'official obstruction' for the lack of available space.[7] Although he is widely regarded in the West as a symbol of opposition to Putin,[8] he was barred from the presidential ballot,[7] as the political climate in Russia makes it difficult for opposition candidates to organize.[9][10]
Kasparov is currently chairman for the Human Rights Foundation and chairs its International Council. In 2017, he founded the Renew Democracy Initiative (RDI), an American political organization promoting and defending liberal democracy in the U.S. and abroad. He also serves as chairman of the group.[11][12]
- 7Retirement from chess
- 7.1Post-retirement chess
- 8Politics
- 12Records and achievements
- 14Books and other writings
Early career[edit]
Kasparov at age 11, Vilnius, 1974
Kasparov was born Garik Kimovich Weinstein (Russian: Гарик Вайнштейн) in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR (now Azerbaijan), Soviet Union. His father, Kim Moiseyevich Weinstein, was Russian-Jewish, and his mother, Klara Shagenovna Kasparova, was Armenian.[13][14][15][16] Kasparov has described himself as a 'self-appointed Christian', although 'very indifferent'[17] and identifies as Russian.[18][19]
Kasparov began the serious study of chess after he came across a chess problem set up by his parents and proposed a solution.[20] His father died of leukemia when Garry was seven years old.[21] At the age of twelve, Garry, upon request of mother Klara and consent of the family, adopted Klara's surname Kasparov, which was done to avoid possible antisemitic tensions, which were common in the USSR at the time.[22][23]
From age 7, Kasparov attended the Young Pioneer Palace in Baku and, at 10 began training at Mikhail Botvinnik's chess school under noted coach Vladimir Makogonov. Makogonov helped develop Kasparov's positional skills and taught him to play the Caro-Kann Defence and the Tartakower System of the Queen's Gambit Declined.[24] Kasparov won the Soviet Junior Championship in Tbilisi in 1976, scoring 7 points of 9, at age 13. He repeated the feat the following year, winning with a score of 8½ of 9. He was being trained by Alexander Shakarov during this time.
In 1978, Kasparov participated in the Sokolsky Memorial tournament in Minsk. He had been invited as an exception but took first place and became a chess master. Kasparov has repeatedly said that this event was a turning point in his life, and that it convinced him to choose chess as his career. 'I will remember the Sokolsky Memorial as long as I live', he wrote. He has also said that after the victory, he thought he had a very good shot at the World Championship.[25]
He first qualified for the Soviet Chess Championship at age 15 in 1978, the youngest ever player at that level. He won the 64-player Swiss system tournament at Daugavpils on tiebreak over Igor V. Ivanov to capture the sole qualifying place.
Kasparov rose quickly through the World Chess Federation rankings. Starting with an oversight by the Russian Chess Federation, he participated in a grandmaster tournament in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina (then part of Yugoslavia), in 1979 while still unrated (he was a replacement for the Soviet defectorViktor Korchnoi, who was originally invited but withdrew due to the threat of a boycott from the Soviets). Kasparov won this high-class tournament, emerging with a provisional rating of 2595, enough to catapult him to the top group of chess players (at the time, number 15 in the world).[26] The next year, 1980, he won the World Junior Chess Championship in Dortmund, West Germany. Later that year, he made his debut as second reserve for the Soviet Union at the Chess Olympiad at Valletta, Malta, and became a Grandmaster.
Towards the top[edit]
Kasparov becomes World Junior Champion at Dortmund in 1980
As a teenager, Kasparov tied for first place in the USSR Chess Championship in 1981–82. His first win in a superclass-level international tournament was scored at Bugojno, Yugoslavia in 1982. He earned a place in the 1982 Moscow Interzonal tournament, which he won, to qualify for the Candidates Tournament.[27] At age 19, he was the youngest Candidate since Bobby Fischer, who was 15 when he qualified in 1958. At this stage, he was already the No. 2-rated player in the world, trailing only World Chess Champion Anatoly Karpov on the January 1983 list.
Kasparov's first (quarter-final) Candidates match was against Alexander Beliavsky, whom he defeated 6–3 (four wins, one loss).[28] Politics threatened Kasparov's semi-final against Viktor Korchnoi, which was scheduled to be played in Pasadena, California. Korchnoi had defected from the Soviet Union in 1976, and was at that time the strongest active non-Soviet player. Various political maneuvers prevented Kasparov from playing Korchnoi, and Kasparov forfeited the match. This was resolved by Korchnoi allowing the match to be replayed in London, along with the previously scheduled match between Vasily Smyslov and Zoltán Ribli. The Kasparov-Korchnoi match was put together on short notice by Raymond Keene. Kasparov lost the first game but won the match 7–4 (four wins, one loss).
In January 1984, Kasparov became the No. 1 ranked player in the world, with a FIDE rating of 2710. He became the youngest ever world No. 1, a record that lasted 12 years until being broken by Vladimir Kramnik in January 1996; the record is currently held by Magnus Carlsen.
Later in 1984, he won the Candidates' final 8½–4½ (four wins, no losses) against the resurgent former world champion Vasily Smyslov, at Vilnius, thus qualifying to play Anatoly Karpov for the World Championship. That year he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), as a member of which he was elected to the Central Committee of Komsomol in 1987.
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1984 World Championship[edit]
The World Chess Championship 1984 match between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov had many ups and downs, and a very controversial finish. Karpov started in very good form, and after nine games Kasparov was down 4–0 in a 'first to six wins' match. Fellow players predicted he would be whitewashed 6–0 within 18 games.[29]
In an unexpected turn of events, there followed a series of 17 successive draws, some relatively short, and others drawn in unsettled positions. Kasparov lost game 27 (5–0), then fought back with another series of draws until game 32 (5–1), earning his first-ever win against the World Champion. Another 14 successive draws followed, through game 46; the previous record length for a world title match had been 34 games, the match of José Raúl Capablanca vs. Alexander Alekhine in 1927.
Kasparov won games 47 and 48 to bring the scores to 5–3 in Karpov's favour. Then the match was ended without result by Florencio Campomanes, the President of Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE), and a new match was announced to start a few months later. The termination was controversial, as both players stated that they preferred the match to continue. Announcing his decision at a press conference, Campomanes cited the health of the players, which had been strained by the length of the match.
The match became the first, and so far only, world championship match to be abandoned without result. Kasparov's relations with Campomanes and FIDE were greatly strained, and the feud between them finally came to a head in 1993 with Kasparov's complete break-away from FIDE.
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World Champion[edit]
Kasparov after winning the FIDE World Championship title in 1985
The second Karpov-Kasparov match in 1985 was organized in Moscow as the best of 24 games where the first player to win 12½ points would claim the World Champion title. The scores from the terminated match would not carry over; however, in the event of a 12–12 draw, the title would remain with Karpov. On 9 November 1985, Kasparov secured the title by a score of 13–11, winning the 24th game with Black, using a Sicilian defense. He was 22 years old at the time, making him the youngest ever World Champion,[30] and breaking the record held by Mikhail Tal for over 20 years.[31] Kasparov's win as Black in the 16th game has been recognized as one of the all-time masterpieces in chess history.
As part of the arrangements following the aborted 1984 match, Karpov had been granted (in the event of his defeat) a right to rematch. Another match took place in 1986, hosted jointly in London and Leningrad, with each city hosting 12 games. At one point in the match, Kasparov opened a three-point lead and looked well on his way to a decisive match victory. But Karpov fought back by winning three consecutive games to level the score late in the match. At this point, Kasparov dismissed one of his seconds, grandmaster Evgeny Vladimirov, accusing him of selling his opening preparation to the Karpov team (as described in Kasparov's autobiography Unlimited Challenge, chapter Stab in the Back). Kasparov scored one more win and kept his title by a final score of 12½–11½.
A fourth match for the world title took place in 1987 in Seville, as Karpov had qualified through the Candidates' Matches to again become the official challenger. This match was very close, with neither player holding more than a one-point lead at any time during the contest. Kasparov was down one full point at the time of the final game, and needed a win to draw the match and retain his title. A long tense game ensued in which Karpov blundered away a pawn just before the first time control, and Kasparov eventually won a long ending. Kasparov retained his title as the match was drawn by a score of 12–12. (All this meant that Kasparov had played Karpov four times in the period 1984–87, a statistic unprecedented in chess. Matches organized by FIDE had taken place every three years since 1948, and only Botvinnik had a right to a rematch before Karpov.)
A fifth match between Kasparov and Karpov was held in New York and Lyon in 1990, with each city hosting 12 games. Again, the result was a close one with Kasparov winning by a margin of 12½–11½. In their five world championship matches, Kasparov had 21 wins, 19 losses, and 104 draws in 144 games.
Break with and ejection from FIDE[edit]
Kasparov and Viswanathan Anand in a publicity photo on top of the World Trade Center in New York
With the World Champion title in hand, Kasparov began opposing FIDE. Beginning in 1986, he created the Grandmasters Association (GMA), an organization to represent professional chess players and give them more say in FIDE's activities. Kasparov assumed a leadership role. GMA's major achievement was in organizing a series of six World Cup tournaments for the world's top players. A somewhat uneasy relationship developed with FIDE, and a sort of truce was brokered by Bessel Kok, a Dutch businessman.
This stand-off lasted until 1993, by which time a new challenger had qualified through the Candidates cycle for Kasparov's next World Championship defense: Nigel Short, a British grandmaster who had defeated Anatoly Karpov in a qualifying match, and then Jan Timman in the finals held in early 1993. After a confusing and compressed bidding process produced lower financial estimates than expected,[32] the world champion and his challenger decided to play outside FIDE's jurisdiction, under another organization created by Kasparov called the Professional Chess Association (PCA). At this point, a great fracture occurred in the lineage of the FIDE World Championship. In an interview in 2007, Kasparov called the break with FIDE the worst mistake of his career, as it hurt the game in the long run.[33]
Kasparov and Short were ejected from FIDE, and played their well-sponsored match in London. Kasparov won convincingly by a score of 12½–7½. The match considerably raised the profile of chess in the UK, with an unprecedented level of coverage on Channel 4. Meanwhile, FIDE organized a World Championship match between Jan Timman (the defeated Candidates finalist) and former World Champion Karpov (a defeated Candidates semi-finalist), which Karpov won.
Kasparov and Sting in 2000
FIDE removed Kasparov and Short from the FIDE rating lists. Until this happened, there was a parallel rating list presented by PCA which featured all world top players, regardless of their relation to FIDE. There were now two World Champions: PCA champion Kasparov, and FIDE champion Karpov. The title remained split for 13 years.
Kasparov defended his title in a 1995 match against Viswanathan Anand at the World Trade Center in New York City. Kasparov won the match by four wins to one, with thirteen draws. It was the last World Championship to be held under the auspices of the PCA, which collapsed when Intel, one of its major backers, withdrew its sponsorship.
Kasparov tried to organize another World Championship match, under another organization, the World Chess Association (WCA) with Linares organizer Luis Rentero. Alexei Shirov and Vladimir Kramnik played a candidates match to decide the challenger, which Shirov won in a surprising upset. But when Rentero admitted that the funds required and promised had never materialized, the WCA collapsed. This left Kasparov stranded, and yet another organization stepped in: BrainGames.com, headed by Raymond Keene. No match against Shirov was arranged, and talks with Anand collapsed, so a match was instead arranged against Kramnik.
During this period, Kasparov was approached by Oakham School in the United Kingdom, at the time the only school in the country with a full-time chess coach,[34] and developed an interest in the use of chess in education. In 1997, Kasparov supported a scholarship programme at the school.[35] Kasparov also won the Marca Leyenda trophy that year.
Losing the title and aftermath[edit]
Kasparov playing against Vladimir Kramnik in the Botvinnik Memorial match in Moscow, 2001
The Kasparov-Kramnik match took place in London during the latter half of 2000. Kramnik had been a student of Kasparov's at the famous Botvinnik/Kasparov chess school in Russia, and had served on Kasparov's team for the 1995 match against Viswanathan Anand.
The better-prepared Kramnik won game 2 against Kasparov's Grünfeld Defence and achieved winning positions in Games 4 and 6, although Kasparov held the draw in both games. Kasparov made a critical error in Game 10 with the Nimzo-Indian Defence, which Kramnik exploited to win in 25 moves. As White, Kasparov could not crack the passive but solid Berlin Defence in the Ruy Lopez, and Kramnik successfully drew all his games as Black. Kramnik won the match 8½–6½. Kasparov became the first player to lose a world championship match without winning a game since Emanuel Lasker's loss to José Raúl Capablanca in 1921.
After losing the title, Kasparov won a series of major tournaments, and remained the top rated player in the world, ahead of both Kramnik and the FIDE World Champions. In 2001 he refused an invitation to the 2002 Dortmund Candidates Tournament for the Classical title, claiming his results had earned him a rematch with Kramnik.[36]
Kasparov and Karpov played a four-game match with rapid time controls over two days in December 2002 in New York City. Karpov surprised the experts and emerged victorious, winning two games and drawing one.[37]
Due to Kasparov's continuing strong results, and status as world No. 1 in much of the public eye, he was included in the so-called 'Prague Agreement', masterminded by Yasser Seirawan and intended to reunite the two World Championships. Kasparov was to play a match against the FIDE World Champion Ruslan Ponomariov in September 2003. But this match was called off after Ponomariov refused to sign his contract for it without reservation. In its place, there were plans for a match against Rustam Kasimdzhanov, winner of the FIDE World Chess Championship 2004, to be held in January 2005 in the United Arab Emirates. These also fell through due to lack of funding. Plans to hold the match in Turkey instead came too late. Kasparov announced in January 2005 that he was tired of waiting for FIDE to organize a match and so had decided to stop all efforts to regain the World Championship title.
Retirement from chess[edit]
After winning the prestigious Linares tournament for the ninth time, Kasparov announced on 10 March 2005 that he would retire from serious competitive chess. He cited as the reason a lack of personal goals in the chess world (he commented when winning the Russian championship in 2004 that it had been the last major title he had never won outright) and expressed frustration at the failure to reunify the world championship.
Kasparov said he may play in some rapid chess events for fun, but intends to spend more time on his books, including both the My Great Predecessors series (see below) and a work on the links between decision-making in chess and in other areas of life, and will continue to involve himself in Russian politics, which he views as 'headed down the wrong path'.
Kasparov has been married three times: to Masha, with whom he had a daughter before divorcing; to Yulia, with whom he had a son before their 2005 divorce; and to Daria (Dasha), with whom he has two children, a daughter born in 2006 and a son born in 2015. They live in New York City.[38][39][40] Kasparov's wife manages his business activities worldwide as the founder of Kasparov International Management Inc.
Post-retirement chess[edit]
On 22 August 2006, in his first public chess games since his retirement, Kasparov played in the Lichthof Chess Champions Tournament, a blitz event played at the time control of 5 minutes per side and 3-second increments per move. Kasparov tied for first with Anatoly Karpov, scoring 4½/6.[41]
Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov played a 12-game match from 21–24 September 2009, in Valencia, Spain. It consisted of four rapid (or semi rapid) games, in which Kasparov won 3–1, and eight blitz games, in which Kasparov won 6–2, winning the match with total result 9–3. The event took place exactly 25 years after the two players' legendary encounter at World Chess Championship 1984.[42]
Kasparov actively coached Magnus Carlsen for approximately one year beginning in February 2009. The collaboration remained secret until September 2009.[43] Under Kasparov's tutelage, Carlsen in October 2009 became the youngest ever to achieve a FIDE rating higher than 2,800, and rose from world number four to world number one. While the pair initially planned to work together throughout 2010,[44] in March of that year it was announced that Carlsen had split from Kasparov and would no longer be using him as a trainer.[45] According to an interview with the German magazine Der Spiegel, Carlsen indicated that he would remain in contact and that he would continue to attend training sessions with Kasparov,[46] but in fact no further training sessions were held and the cooperation gradually fizzled out over the course of the spring.[47]
Chess Garry Kasparov
In May 2010 he played 30 games simultaneously, winning each one, against players at Tel Aviv University in Israel.[48] In the same month it was revealed that Kasparov had aided Viswanathan Anand in preparation for the World Chess Championship 2010 against challenger Veselin Topalov. Anand won the match 6½–5½ to retain the title.[49]
Kasparov delivering a speech in Arizona in October 2017
In January 2011, Kasparov began training the U.S. grandmaster Hikaru Nakamura. The first of several training sessions was held in New York just prior to Nakamura's participation in the Tata Steel Chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee, the Netherlands.[50] In December 2011, it was announced that the cooperation had come to an end.[51]
Kasparov played two blitz exhibition matches in the autumn of 2011. The first was in September against French grandmaster Maxime Vachier-Lagrave, in Clichy (France), which Kasparov won 1½–½. The second was a longer match consisting of eight blitz games played on 9 October, against English grandmaster Nigel Short. Kasparov won again by a score of 4½–3½.
A little after that, in October 2011, Kasparov played and defeated fourteen opponents in a simultaneous exhibition that took place in Bratislava.[52]
On 25 and 26 April 2015, Kasparov played a mini-match against Nigel Short. The match consisted of two rapid games and eight blitz games. Kasparov won the match decisively with a score of 8½–1½, winning all five games on the second day.[53]
On Wednesday 19 August 2015 he played and won the 19 games of a simultaneous exhibition in Pula, Croatia.[54]
On Thursday 28 April and Friday 29 April 2016 at the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis, Kasparov played a 6-round exhibition blitz round-robin tournament with Fabiano Caruana, Wesley So, and Hikaru Nakamura in an event called the Ultimate Blitz Challenge.[55] He finished the tournament third with 9.5/18, behind Hikaru Nakamura (11/18) and Wesley So (10/18). At the post-tournament interview, he considered the possibility of playing future top-level blitz exhibition matches.
On 2 June 2016, Kasparov played against fifteen chess players in a simultaneous exhibition in the Kaiser-Friedrich-Halle of Mönchengladbach. He won all games.[56]
Candidate for FIDE presidency[edit]
On 7 October 2013, Kasparov announced his candidacy for World Chess Federation president during a reception in Tallinn, Estonia, where the 84th FIDE Congress took place.[57] Kasparov's candidacy was supported by his former student, reigning World Chess Champion and FIDE#1 ranked player Magnus Carlsen.[58] At the FIDE General Assembly in August 2014, Kasparov lost the presidential election to incumbent FIDE president Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, with a vote of 110–61.[59]
A few days before the election took place, the New York Times Magazine had published a lengthy report on the viciously fought campaign. Included was information about a leaked contract between Kasparov and former FIDE Secretary General Ignatius Leong from Singapore, in which the Kasparov campaign reportedly 'offered to pay Leong $500,000 and to pay $250,000 a year for four years to the Asean Chess Academy, an organization Leong helped create to teach the game, specifying that Leong would be responsible for delivering 11 votes from his region [..]'.[60] In September 2015, the FIDE Ethics Commission found Kasparov and Leong guilty of violating its Code of Ethics[61] and later suspended them for two years from all FIDE functions and meetings.[62]
Return from retirement[edit]
In 2017, Kasparov came out of retirement to participate in the inaugural St. Louis Rapid and Blitz tournament from 14–19 August, scoring 3.5/9 in the rapid and 9/18 in the blitz, finishing 8th out of 10 participants, which included Nakamura, Caruana, former world champion Anand, and the eventual winner, Aronian.[63][64] Any tournament money that he earned would go towards charities to promote chess in Africa.
Politics[edit]
1980s[edit]
Kasparov's grandfather was a staunch communist but Kasparov gradually began to have doubts about the Soviet Union's political system at age 13 when he traveled abroad for the first time to Paris for a chess tournament. In 1981, at age 18 he read Solzhenitsyn’s Gulag Archipelago, a copy of which he bought while abroad.[65]
Kasparov joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1984, and in 1987 was elected to the Central Committee of Komsomol. However, in 1990, he left the party and together with his family fled from Baku to Moscow on a chartered plane[66] when pogroms against Armenians in Baku took place forcing thousands of ethnic Armenians to flee Azerbaijan.[67]
1990s[edit]
In May 1990, Kasparov took part in the creation of the Democratic Party of Russia, which at first was a liberal anti-communist party, later shifting to centrism.[15] Kasparov left the party on April 28, 1991, after its conference.[68]
In June 1993, Kasparov was involved with the creation of the 'Choice of Russia' bloc of parties and in 1996 took part in the election campaign of Boris Yeltsin. In 2001 he voiced his support for the Russian television channel NTV.[15]
In 1991, Kasparov received the Keeper of the Flame award from the Center for Security Policy for 'propagation of democracy and the respect for individual rights throughout the world'. In his acceptance speech Kasparov lauded the defeat of communism while also urging the United States to give no financial assistance to central Soviet leaders.[39][69][70][71][72]
2000s[edit]
After his retirement from chess in 2005, Kasparov turned to politics and created the United Civil Front, a social movement whose main goal is to 'work to preserve electoral democracy in Russia'.[73] He has vowed to 'restore democracy' to Russia by restoring the rule of law.[74][75][76]
Kasparov was instrumental in setting up The Other Russia, a coalition which opposes Putin's government. The Other Russia has been boycotted by the leaders of Russia's mainstream opposition parties, Yabloko and Union of Right Forces due to its inclusion of nationalist and radical groups. Kasparov has criticized these groups as being secretly under the auspices of the Kremlin.[77]
On 10 April 2005, Kasparov was in Moscow at a promotional event when he was struck over the head with a chessboard he had just signed. The assailant was reported to have said 'I admired you as a chess player, but you gave that up for politics' immediately before the attack.[78] Kasparov has been the subject of a number of other episodes since, including police brutality and alleged harassment from the Russian secret service.[79][80]
Kasparov at the third Dissenters March in Saint Petersburg on 9 June 2007
Kasparov helped organize the Saint Petersburg Dissenters' March on 3 March 2007 and The March of the Dissenters on 24 March 2007, both involving several thousand people rallying against Putin and Saint Petersburg Governor Valentina Matviyenko's policies.[81][82]
On 14 April 2007, Kasparov led a pro-democracy demonstration in Moscow. Soon after the demonstration's start, however, over 9,000 police descended on the group and seized almost everyone. Kasparov, who was briefly arrested by the Moscow police, was warned by the prosecution office on the eve of the march that anyone participating risked being detained. He was held for some 10 hours and then fined and released.[83] He was later summoned by the FSB for violations of Russian anti-extremism laws.[84]
Speaking about Kasparov, former KGB general Oleg Kalugin in 2007 remarked, 'I do not talk in details—people who knew them are all dead now because they were vocal, they were open. I am quiet. There is only one man who is vocal and he may be in trouble: [former] world chess champion [Garry] Kasparov. He has been very outspoken in his attacks on Putin and I believe that he is probably next on the list.'[85]
In April 2007, it was asserted[86] that Kasparov was a board member of the National Security Advisory Council of Center for Security Policy,[69] a 'non-profit, non-partisan national security [think tank in Washington, DC], which specializes in identifying policies, actions, and resource needs that are vital to American security'.[70] Kasparov confirmed this and added that he had his name removed shortly after he became aware of it. He noted that he did not know about his 'membership', suggesting that he was included on the board by accident, due to having received the 1991 Keeper of the Flame award from this organization.[71][72] However, Kasparov maintained his association with the leadership by giving speeches at think tanks such as the Hoover Institution.[39]
On 30 September 2007, Kasparov entered the Russian Presidential race, receiving 379 of 498 votes at a congress held in Moscow by The Other Russia.[87] In October 2007, Kasparov announced his intention of standing for the Russian presidency as the candidate of the 'Other Russia' coalition and vowed to fight for a 'democratic and just Russia'. Later that month he traveled to the United States, where he appeared on several popular television programs, which were hosted by Stephen Colbert, Wolf Blitzer, Bill Maher, and Chris Matthews.
On 24 November 2007, Kasparov and other protesters were detained by police at an Other Russia rally in Moscow. 3,000 demonstrators arrived to allege the rigging of upcoming elections. Following an attempt by about 100 protesters to march through police lines to the electoral commission, which had barred Other Russia candidates from parliamentary elections, arrests were made. The Russian authorities stated a rally had been approved but not any marches, resulting in several detained demonstrators.[88] He was subsequently charged with resisting arrest and organizing an unauthorized protest and given a jail sentence of five days. Kasparov appealed the charges, citing that he had been following orders given by the police, although it was denied. He was released from jail on 29 November.[89] Putin criticized Kasparov at the rally for his use of English when speaking rather than Russian.[90]
On 12 December 2007, Kasparov announced that he had to withdraw his presidential candidacy due to inability to rent a meeting hall where at least 500 of his supporters could assemble. With the deadline expiring on that date, he explained it was impossible for him to run. Russian election laws required sufficient meeting hall space for assembling supporters. Kasparov's spokeswoman accused the government of using pressure to deter anyone from renting a hall for the gathering and said that the electoral commission had rejected a proposal that would have allowed for smaller gathering sizes rather than one large gathering at a meeting hall.[91]
2010s[edit]
Kasparov was among the 34 first signatories and a key organizer of the online anti-Putin campaign 'Putin must go', started on 10 March 2010. The campaign was begun by a coalition of opposition to Putin who regard his rule as lacking any rule of law. Within the text is a call to Russian law enforcement to ignore Putin's orders. By June 2011, there were 90,000 signatures. While the identity of the petition author remained anonymous, there was wide speculation that it was indeed Kasparov.[92][93][94][95]
On 17 August 2012, Kasparov was arrested and beaten outside of the Moscow court while attending the verdict reading in the case involving the all-female punk band Pussy Riot.[96] On 24 August, he was cleared of charges that he took part in an unauthorized protest against the conviction of three members of Pussy Riot. Judge Yekaterina Veklich said there were 'no grounds to believe the testimony of the police'. He could still face criminal charges over a police officer's claims that the opposition leader bit his finger while he was being detained.[97] He later thanked all the bloggers and reporters who provided video evidence that contradicted the testimony of the police.[citation needed]
Kasparov wrote in February 2013 that 'fascism has come to Russia. .. Project Putin, just like the old Project Hitler, is but the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elite. Fascist rule was never the result of the free will of the people. It was always the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elites!'[98]
In April 2013, Kasparov joined in an HRF condemnation of Kanye West for having performed for the leader of Kazakhstan in exchange for a $3 million paycheck, saying that West 'has entertained a brutal killer and his entourage' and that his fee 'came from the loot stolen from the Kazakhstan treasury'.[99]
Kasparov denied rumors in April 2013 that he planned to leave Russia for good. 'I found these rumors to be deeply saddening and, moreover, surprising,' he wrote. 'I was unable to respond immediately because I was in such a state of shock that such an incredibly inaccurate statement, the likes of which is constantly distributed by the Kremlin's propagandists, came this time from Ilya Yashin, a fellow member of the Opposition Coordination Council (KSO) and my former colleague from the Solidarity movement.'[100]
In an April 2013 op-ed piece, Kasparov accused prominent Russian journalist Vladimir Posner of failing to stand up to Putin and to earlier Russian and Soviet leaders.[101]
Kasparov was presented with the Morris B. Abram Human Rights Award, UN Watch's annual human-rights prize, in 2013. The organization praised him as 'not only one of the world's smartest men' but 'also among its bravest'.[102]
At the 2013 Women in the World conference, Kasparov told The Daily Beast's Michael Moynihan that democracy no longer existed in what he called Russia's 'dictatorship'.[103]
Kasparov said at a press conference in June 2013 that if he returned to Russia he doubted he would be allowed to leave again, given Putin's ongoing crackdown against dissenters. 'So for the time being,' he said, 'I refrain from returning to Russia.' He explained shortly thereafter in an article for The Daily Beast that this had not been intended as 'a declaration of leaving my home country, permanently or otherwise', but merely an expression of 'the dark reality of the situation in Russia today, where nearly half the members of the opposition's Coordinating Council are under criminal investigation on concocted charges'. He noted that the Moscow prosecutor's office was 'opening an investigation that would limit my ability to travel', making it impossible for him to fulfill 'professional speaking engagements' and hindering his 'work for the nonprofit Kasparov Chess Foundation, which has centers in New York City, Brussels, and Johannesburg to promote chess in education'.[103]
Kasparov further wrote in his June 2013 Daily Beast article that the mass protests in Moscow 18 months earlier against fraudulent Russian elections had been 'a proud moment for me'. He recalled that after joining the opposition movement in March 2005, he had been criticized for seeking to unite 'every anti-Putin element in the country to march together regardless of ideology'. Therefore, the sight of 'hundreds of flags representing every group from liberals to nationalists all marching together for 'Russia Without Putin' was the fulfillment of a dream.' Yet most Russians, he lamented, had continued to 'slumber' even as Putin had 'taken off the flimsy mask of democracy to reveal himself in full as the would-be KGB dictator he has always been'.[104]
Kasparov responded with several sardonic Twitter postings to a September 2013 The New York Timesop-ed by Putin. 'I hope Putin has taken adequate protections,' he tweeted. 'Now that he is a Russian journalist his life may be in grave danger!' Also: 'Now we can expect NY Times op-eds by Mugabe on fair elections, Castro on free speech, & Kim Jong-un on prison reform. The Axis of Hypocrisy.'[105]
In a 12 May 2013 op-ed for The Wall Street Journal, Kasparov questioned reports that the Russian security agency, the FSB, had fully cooperated with the FBI in the matter of the Boston bombers. He noted that the elder bomber, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, had reportedly met in Russia with two known jihadists who 'were killed in Dagestan by the Russian military just days before Tamerlan left Russia for the U.S.' Kasparov argued, 'If no intelligence was sent from Moscow to Washington' about this meeting, 'all this talk of FSB cooperation cannot be taken seriously.' He further observed, 'This would not be the first time Russian security forces seemed strangely impotent in the face of an impending terror attack,' pointing out that in both the 2002 Moscow theater siege and the 2004 Beslan school attack, 'there were FSB informants in both terror groups—yet the attacks went ahead unimpeded.' Given this history, he wrote, 'it is impossible to overlook that the Boston bombing took place just days after the U.S. Magnitsky List was published, creating the first serious external threat to the Putin power structure by penalizing Russian officials complicit in human-rights crimes.' In sum, Putin's 'dubious record on counterterrorism and its continued support of terror sponsors Iran and Syria mean only one thing: common ground zero'.[106]
Chess Kasparov Games Download
Kasparov wrote in July 2013 about the trial in Kirov of fellow opposition leader Alexei Navalny, who had been convicted 'on concocted embezzlement charges', only to see the prosecutor, surprisingly, ask for his release the next day pending appeal. 'The judicial process and the democratic process in Russia,' wrote Kasparov, 'are both elaborate mockeries created to distract the citizenry at home and to help Western leaders avoid confronting the awkward fact that Russia has returned to a police state'. Still, Kasparov felt that whatever had caused the Kirov prosecutor's about-face, 'my optimism tells me it was a positive sign. After more than 13 years of predictable repression under Putin, anything different is good.'[107]
Kasparov maintains a summer home in the Croatian city of Makarska. In early February 2014, Kasparov applied for citizenship by naturalisation in Croatia, adding that he was finding it increasingly difficult to live in Russia. According to an article in The Guardian, Kasparov is 'widely perceived' as having been a vocal supporter of Croatian independence during the early 1990s. On 28 February 2014, his application for naturalisation was approved, and he is now a Croatian passport holder.[108]
Views[edit]
Kasparov wrote in Time on 18 September 2013 that he considered the 'chess metaphors thrown around during the world's response to the civil war in Syria' to be 'trite' and rejected what he called 'all the nonsense about 'Putin is playing chess and Obama is playing checkers,' or tic-tac-toe or whatever.' Putin, argued Kasparov, 'did not have to outplay or outthink anyone. He and Bashar Assad won by forfeit when President Obama, Prime Minister Cameron and the rest of the so-called leaders of the free world walked away from the table.' There is, he lamented, 'a new game at the negotiating table where Putin and Assad set the rules and will run the show under the protection of the U.N.'[109] Kasparov said in September 2013 that Russia was now a dictatorship.[110] In the same month he told an interviewer that 'Obama going to Russia now is dead wrong, morally and politically,' because Putin's regime 'is behind Assad'.[111]
Kasparov spoke out several times about Putin's antigay laws and the proposed Sochi Olympics boycott. He explained in August 2013 that he had opposed Russia's bid from the outset, since hosting the Olympics would 'allow Vladimir Putin's cronies to embezzle hundreds of millions of dollars' and 'lend prestige to Putin's authoritarian regime'. Kasparov added that Putin's anti-gay law was 'only the most recent encroachment on the freedom of speech and association of Russia's citizens', which the international community had largely ignored. Instead of supporting a games boycott, which would 'unfairly punish athletes', Kasparov called for athletes and others to 'transform Putin's self-congratulatory pet project into a spotlight that exposes his authoritarian rule for the entire world to see'.[112] In September, Kasparov expanded on his remarks, saying that 'forcing athletes to play a political role against their will is not fair' and that politicians should not 'hide behind athletes'. Instead of boycotting Sochi, he suggested, politicians should refuse to attend the games and the public should 'put pressure on the sponsors and the media'. Coca-Cola, for example, could put 'a rainbow flag on each Coca-Cola can' and NBC could 'do interviews with Russian gay activists or with Russian political activists'. Kasparov also emphasized that although he was 'still a Russian citizen', he had 'good reason to be concerned about my ability to leave Russia if I returned to Moscow'.[113]
Kasparov has spoken out against the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea and has stated that control of Crimea should be returned to Ukraine after the overthrow of Vladimir Putin without additional conditions.[114]
Kasparov's website was blocked by the Russian federative regulator, Roskomnadzor, at the behest of the public prosecutor, allegedly due to Kasparov's opinions of the Crimean crisis. Kasparov's block was made in unison with several other notable Russian sites that were accused of inciting public outrage. Reportedly, several of the blocked sites received an affidavit noting their violations. However, Kasparov stated that his site had received no such notice of violations after its block.[115]
In October 2015, Kasparov published a book titled Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped. In the book, Kasparov likens Putin to Hitler, and explains the need for the west to oppose Putin sooner, rather than appeasing him and postponing the eventual confrontation. According to his publisher, 'Kasparov wants this book out fast, in a way that has potential to influence the discussion during the primary season.'[116][117]
In the 2016 United States presidential election, Kasparov described Republican front-runner Donald Trump as 'a celebrity showman with racist leanings and authoritarian tendencies',[118] and criticised Trump for calling for closer ties with Vladimir Putin,[119] and responded to Trump's running mate, Mike Pence, calling Putin a strong leader, that Putin is a strong leader 'in the same way arsenic is a strong drink'.[120] He also criticised the economic policies of Democratic primary candidate Bernie Sanders, but showed respect for Sanders as 'a charismatic speaker and a passionate believer in his cause'.[121]
In 2017, he condemned the violence unleashed by the Spanish police against the independence referendum in Catalonia on October 1. He criticized the Spanish PM Mariano Rajoy and accused him of 'betraying' the European promise of peace.[122] Also, after the Catalan regional election held the same year on December 21, he called on the European Union to intervene in the conflict to find a negotiated solution. He wrote on Twitter: 'Despite unprecedented pressure from Madrid, Catalonian separatists won a majority. Europe must speak and help find a peaceful path toward resolution and avoid more violence'.[123][124]
Human Rights Foundation[edit]
Kasparov was named Chairman of the Human Rights Foundation in 2011, succeeding the recently deceased author, activist, and former Czech president Václav Havel.[125] On 31 January 2012, Kasparov hosted a meeting of opposition leaders planning a mass march on 4 February 2012, the third major opposition rally held since the disputed State Duma elections of December 2011. Among other opposition leaders attending were Alexey Navalny and Yevgenia Chirikova.[126]
Playing style[edit]
Kasparov's style of play has been compared by many to Alekhine's.[127][128] Kasparov has described his style as being influenced chiefly by Alekhine, Tal and Fischer.[129] Kramnik has opined that '[Kasparov's] capacity for study is second to none', and said 'There is nothing in chess he has been unable to deal with.'[130]Magnus Carlsen, whom Kasparov coached from 2009 to 2010, said of Kasparov, 'I've never seen someone with such a feel for dynamics in complex positions.'[131] Kasparov was known for his extensive opening preparation and aggressive play in the opening.[132][133]
Olympiads and other major team events[edit]
Kasparov at Valletta in 1980
Kasparov played in a total of eight Chess Olympiads. He represented the Soviet Union four times and Russia four times, following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. In his 1980 Olympiad debut, he became, at age 17, the youngest player to represent the Soviet Union or Russia at that level, a record which was broken by Vladimir Kramnik in 1992. In 82 games, he has scored (+50−3=29), for 78.7% and won a total of 19 medals, including team gold medals all eight times he competed. For the 1994 Moscow Olympiad, he had a significant organizational role, in helping to put together the event on short notice, after Thessaloniki canceled its offer to host, a few weeks before the scheduled dates. Kasparov's detailed Olympiad record[134] follows:
- Valletta 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 9½/12 (+8−1=3), team gold, board bronze;
- Lucerne 1982, USSR 2nd board, 8½/11 (+6−0=5), team gold, board bronze;
- Dubai 1986, USSR 1st board, 8½/11 (+7−1=3), team gold, board gold, performance gold;
- Thessaloniki 1988, USSR 1st board, 8½/10 (+7−0=3), team gold, board gold, performance gold;
- Manila 1992, Russia board 1, 8½/10 (+7−0=3), team gold, board gold, performance silver;
- Moscow 1994, Russia board 1, 6½/10 (+4−1=5), team gold;
- Yerevan 1996, Russia board 1, 7/9 (+5−0=4), team gold, board gold, performance silver;
- Bled 2002, Russia board 1, 7½/9 (+6−0=3), team gold, board gold.
Kasparov made his international teams debut for the USSR at age 16 in the 1980 European Team Championship and played for Russia in the 1992 edition of that championship. He won a total of five medals. His detailed Euroteams record, from,[135] follows.
- Skara 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 5½/6 (+5−0=1), team gold, board gold;
- Debrecen 1992, Russia board 1, 6/8 (+4−0=4), team gold, board gold, performance silver.
Kasparov also represented the USSR once in Youth Olympiad competition, but the detailed data at Olimpbase is incomplete; the Chessmetrics Garry Kasparov player file has his individual score from that event.
- Graz 1981, USSR board 1, 9/10 (+8−0=2), team gold.
Records and achievements[edit]
Chess ratings achievements[edit]
Kasparov holds the record for the longest time as the No. 1 rated player in the world—from 1986 to 2005 (Vladimir Kramnik shared the No. 1 ranking with him once, in the January 1996 FIDE rating list).[136] He was also briefly ejected from the list following his split from FIDE in 1993, but during that time he headed the rating list of the rival PCA. At the time of his retirement, he was still ranked No. 1 in the world, with a rating of 2812. His rating has fallen inactive since the January 2006 rating list.[137]
In January 1990, Kasparov achieved the (then) highest FIDE rating ever, passing 2800 and breaking Bobby Fischer's old record of 2785. By the July 1999 and January 2000 FIDE rating lists, Kasparov had reached a 2851 Elo rating, at that time the highest rating ever achieved.[138] He held that record for the highest rating ever achieved until Magnus Carlsen attained a new record high rating of 2861 in January 2013.
Other records[edit]
Kasparov holds the record for most consecutive professional tournament victories, placing first or equal first in 15 individual tournaments from 1981 to 1990.[citation needed] The streak was broken by Vasily Ivanchuk at Linares 1991, where Kasparov placed 2nd, half a point behind him. The details of this record winning streak follow:[27]
- Frunze 1981, USSR Championship, 12½/17, tie for 1st;
- Bugojno 1982, 9½/13, 1st;
- Moscow 1982, Interzonal, 10/13, 1st;
- Nikšić 1983, 11/14, 1st;
- Brussels OHRA 1986, 7½/10, 1st;
- Brussels SWIFT 1987, 8½/11, tie for 1st;
- Amsterdam Optiebeurs 1988, 9/12, 1st;
- Belfort (World Cup) 1988, 11½/15, 1st;
- Moscow 1988, USSR Championship, 11½/17, tie for 1st;
- Reykjavík (World Cup) 1988, 11/17, 1st;
- Barcelona (World Cup) 1989, 11/16, tie for 1st;
- Skellefteå (World Cup) 1989, 9½/15, tie for 1st;
- Tilburg 1989, 12/14, 1st;
- Belgrade (Investbank) 1989, 9½/11, 1st;
- Linares 1990, 8/11, 1st.
Kasparov won the Chess Oscar a record eleven times.
Chess and computers[edit]
In 1983, Acorn Computers acted as one of the sponsors for Kasparov's Candidates semi-final match against Viktor Korchnoi. Kasparov was awarded an Acorn Archimedes which he took back with him to Baku, making it perhaps the first western-made microcomputer to reach Baku at that time. In 1985, computer chess magazine editor Frederic Friedel invited Kasparov to his house, and the two of them discuss how a chess database program would be useful for preparation. Two years later, Friedel founded Chessbase, and gave a copy of the program to Kasparov who started using it in his preparation.[139]
In 1985, Kasparov played against thirty-two different chess computers in Hamburg, winning all games, but with some difficulty.[140]
On October 22, 1989, Kasparov defeated the chess computer Deep Thought in both games of a two-game match.[141]
In December 1992, Kasparov visited Frederic Friedel in his hotel room in Cologne, and played 37 blitz games against Fritz 2 winning 24, drawing 4 and losing 9.[142]
Kasparov cooperated in producing video material for the computer game Kasparov's Gambit released by Electronic Arts in November 1993. In April 1994, Intel acted as a sponsor for the first Professional Chess Association Grand Prix event in Moscow played a time control of 25 minutes per game. In May, Chessbase's Fritz 3 running on an IntelPentium PC defeated Kasparov in their first in the Intel Express blitz tournament in Munich, but Kasparov managed to tie it for first, and then win the playoff with 3 wins and 2 draws. The next day, Kasparov lost to Fritz 3 again in a game on ZDF TV.[143] In August, Kasparov was knocked out of the London Intel Grand Prix by Richard Lang's ChessGenius 2 program in the first round.
In 1995, during Kasparov's world title match with Viswanathan Anand, he unveiled an opening novelty that had been checked with a chess engine, an approach that would become increasingly common in subsequent years.[144]
Kasparov played in a pair of six-game chess matches with an IBM supercomputer called Deep Blue. The first match was played in Philadelphia in 1996 and won by Kasparov. The second was played in New York City in 1997 and won by Deep Blue. The 1997 match was the first defeat of a reigning world chess champion by a computer under tournament conditions.[145]
In May 1997, an updated version of Deep Blue defeated Kasparov 3½–2½ in a highly publicized six-game match. The match was even after five games but Kasparov lost quickly in Game 6. This was the first time a computer had ever defeated a world champion in a match. A documentary film was made about this famous match entitled Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine.
Kasparov said that he was 'not well prepared' to face Deep Blue in 1997. He said that based on his 'objective strengths' his play was stronger than that of Deep Blue.[145] Kasparov claimed that several factors weighed against him in this match. In particular, he was denied access to Deep Blue's recent games, in contrast to the computer's team, which could study hundreds of Kasparov's.
After the loss, Kasparov said that he sometimes saw deep intelligence and creativity in the machine's moves, suggesting that during the second game, human chess players, in contravention of the rules, intervened. IBM denied that it cheated, saying the only human intervention occurred between games. The rules provided for the developers to modify the program between games, an opportunity they said they used to shore up weaknesses in the computer's play revealed during the course of the match. Kasparov requested printouts of the machine's log files but IBM refused, although the company later published the logs on the Internet.[146] Much later, it was suggested that the behavior Kasparov noted may have resulted from a glitch in the computer program.[147] Although Kasparov wanted another rematch, IBM declined and ended their Deep Blue program.
Kasparov's loss to Deep Blue inspired the creation of the game Arimaa.[148]
Kasparov wore 3D glasses in his match against the program X3D Fritz.
In January 2003, he engaged in a six-game classical time control match with a $1 million prize fund which was billed as the FIDE 'Man vs. Machine' World Championship, against Deep Junior.[149] The engine evaluated three million positions per second.[150] After one win each and three draws, it was all up to the final game. After reaching a decent position Kasparov offered a draw, which was soon accepted by the Deep Junior team. Asked why he offered the draw, Kasparov said he feared making a blunder.[151] Originally planned as an annual event, the match was not repeated.
Deep Junior was the first machine to beat Kasparov with black and at a standard time control.[152]
In June 2003, Mindscape released the computer game Kasparov Chessmate with Kasparov himself listed as a co-designer.[153]
In November 2003, he engaged in a four-game match against the computer program X3D Fritz, using a virtual board, 3D glasses and a speech recognition system. After two draws and one win apiece, the X3D Man–Machine match ended in a draw. Kasparov received $175,000 for the result and took home the golden trophy. Kasparov continued to criticize the blunder in the second game that cost him a crucial point. He felt that he had outplayed the machine overall and played well. 'I only made one mistake but unfortunately that one mistake lost the game.'[154]
Kasparov Chess Computer Game
Books and other writings[edit]
Early writings[edit]
Kasparov has written books on chess. He published a controversial[155] autobiography when still in his early 20s, originally titled Child of Change, later retitled Unlimited Challenge. This book was subsequently updated several times after he became World Champion. Its content is mainly literary, with a small chess component of key unannotated games. He published an annotated games collection in 1985: Fighting Chess: My Games and Career[156] and this book has also been updated several times in further editions. He also wrote a book annotating the games from his World Chess Championship 1985 victory, World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985.
He has annotated his own games extensively for the Yugoslav Chess Informant series and for other chess publications. In 1982, he co-authored Batsford Chess Openings with British grandmaster Raymond Keene and this book was an enormous seller. It was updated into a second edition in 1989. He also co-authored two opening books with his trainer Alexander Nikitin in the 1980s for British publisher Batsford—on the Classical Variation of the Caro-Kann Defence and on the Scheveningen Variation of the Sicilian Defence. Kasparov has also contributed extensively to the five-volume openings series Encyclopedia of Chess Openings.
In 2000, Kasparov co-authored Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge[157] with grandmaster Daniel King. The 202-page book analyzes the 1999 Kasparov versus the World game, and holds the record for the longest analysis devoted to a single chess game.[158]
My Great Predecessors series[edit]
In 2003, the first volume of his five-volume work Garry Kasparov on My Great Predecessors was published. This volume, which deals with the world chess champions Wilhelm Steinitz, Emanuel Lasker, José Raúl Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine, and some of their strong contemporaries, has received lavish praise from some reviewers (including Nigel Short), while attracting criticism from others for historical inaccuracies and analysis of games directly copied from unattributed sources. Through suggestions on the book's website, most of these shortcomings were corrected in following editions and translations. Despite this, the first volume won the British Chess Federation's Book of the Year award in 2003. Volume two, covering Max Euwe, Mikhail Botvinnik, Vasily Smyslov and Mikhail Tal appeared later in 2003. Volume three, covering Tigran Petrosian and Boris Spassky appeared in early 2004. In December 2004, Kasparov released volume four, which covers Samuel Reshevsky, Miguel Najdorf, and Bent Larsen (none of these three were World Champions), but focuses primarily on Bobby Fischer. The fifth volume, devoted to the chess careers of World Champion Anatoly Karpov and challenger Viktor Korchnoi, was published in March 2006.
Modern Chess series[edit]
His book Revolution in the 70s (published in March 2007) covers 'the openings revolution of the 1970s–1980s' and is the first book in a new series called 'Modern Chess Series', which intends to cover his matches with Karpov and selected games. The book 'Revolution in the 70s' concerns the revolution in opening theory that was witnessed in that decade. Such systems as the controversial (at the time) 'Hedgehog' opening plan of passively developing the pieces no further than the first three ranks are examined in great detail. Kasparov also analyzes some of the most notable games played in that period. In a section at the end of the book, top opening theoreticians provide their own 'take' on the progress made in opening theory in the 1980s.
Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov series[edit]
Kasparov is publishing three volumes of his games.
Winter Is Coming[edit]
In October 2015, Kasparov published a book titled Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped. The title is a reference to the HBO television series Game of Thrones. In the book, Kasparov writes about the need for an organization solely composed of democratic countries to replace the United Nations. In an interview, he called the United Nations a 'catwalk for dictators'.[65]
Historical revision[edit]
Kasparov believes that the conventional history of civilization is radically incorrect. Specifically, he believes that the history of ancient civilizations is based on misdatings of events and achievements that actually occurred in the medieval period. He has cited several aspects of ancient history that he says are likely to be anachronisms.[159]
Kasparov has written in support of New Chronology (Fomenko), although with some reservations.[160] In 2001, Kasparov expressed a desire to devote his time to promoting the New Chronology after his chess career. 'New Chronology is a great area for investing my intellect .. My analytical abilities are well placed to figure out what was right and what was wrong.'[161] 'When I stop playing chess, it may well be that I concentrate on promoting these ideas.. I believe they can improve our lives.'[161]
Later, Kasparov renounced his support of Fomenko theories but reaffirmed his belief that mainstream historical knowledge is highly inconsistent.[162][163]
Other post-retirement writing[edit]
In 2007, he wrote How Life Imitates Chess, an examination of the parallels between decision-making in chess and in the business world.
In 2008, Kasparov published a sympathetic obituary for Bobby Fischer, writing: 'I am often asked if I ever met or played Bobby Fischer. The answer is no, I never had that opportunity. But even though he saw me as a member of the evil chess establishment that he felt had robbed and cheated him, I am sorry I never had a chance to thank him personally for what he did for our sport.'[164]
He is the chief advisor for the book publisher Everyman Chess.
Chess Kasparov Game Today
Kasparov works closely with Mig Greengard and his comments can often be found on Greengard's blog (apparently no longer active).
Kasparov collaborated with Max Levchin and Peter Thiel on The Blueprint, a book calling for a revival of world innovation, planned to release in March 2013 from W. W. Norton & Company. The book was never released, as the authors disagreed on its contents.[165]
Kasparov argued that Chess has become the Drosophila fruit fly of reasoning, in an editorial comment on Google's AlphaZero chess-playing system. 'I was pleased to see that AlphaZero had a dynamic, open style like my own,' he wrote in late 2018.[166]
Bibliography[edit]
- Kasparov Teaches Chess (1984–85, Sport in the USSR Magazine; 1986, First Collier Books)
- The Test of Time (Russian Chess) (1986, Pergamon Pr)
- World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985 (1986, Everyman Chess)
- Child of Change: An Autobiography (1987, Hutchinson)
- London–Leningrad Championship Games (1987, Everyman Chess)
- Unlimited Challenge (1990, Grove Pr)
- The Sicilian Scheveningen (1991, B.T. Batsford Ltd)
- The Queen's Indian Defence: Kasparov System (1991, B.T. Batsford Ltd)
- Kasparov Versus Karpov, 1990 (1991, Everyman Chess)
- Kasparov on the King's Indian (1993, B.T. Batsford Ltd)
- Kasparov, Garry. Jon Speelman and Bob Wade. 1995. Garry Kasparov's Fighting Chess. Henry Holt. ISBN0805042210
- Garry Kasparov's Chess Challenge (1996, Everyman Chess)
- Lessons in Chess (1997, Everyman Chess)
- Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge (2000, Kasparov Chess Online)
- My Great Predecessors Part I (2003, Everyman Chess)
- My Great Predecessors Part II (2003, Everyman Chess)
- Checkmate!: My First Chess Book (2004, Everyman Mindsports)
- My Great Predecessors Part III (2004, Everyman Chess)
- My Great Predecessors Part IV (2004, Everyman Chess)
- My Great Predecessors Part V (2006, Everyman Chess)
- How Life Imitates Chess (2007, William Heinemann Ltd.)
- Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part I: Revolution in the 70s (2007, Everyman Chess)
- Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part II: Kasparov vs Karpov 1975–1985 (2008, Everyman Chess)
- Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part III: Kasparov vs Karpov 1986–1987 (2009, Everyman Chess)
- Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part IV: Kasparov vs Karpov 1988–2009 (2010, Everyman Chess)
- Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part I (2011, Everyman Chess)
- Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part II (2013, Everyman Chess)
- Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part III (2014, Everyman Chess)
- Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped (2015, Public Affairs)
- Deep Thinking[167] with Mig Greengard (2017, Public Affairs)
Videos[edit]
- Kasparov, Garry, Nigel Short, Raymond Keene and Daniel King. 1993. Kasparov Short The Inside Story. Grandmaster Video.
- Kasparov, Garry, Jonathan Tisdall and Jim Plaskett. 2000. My Story. Grandmaster Video.
- Kasparov, Garry. 2004. How to Play the Queen's Gambit. Chessbase. ISBN9783937549064
- Kasparov, Garry. 2005. How to Play the Najdorf. Chessbase. vol. 1 ISBN9783937549255, vol. 2 ISBN9783937549781
- Kasparov, Garry. 2012. How I Became World Champion 1973–1985. Chessbase. ISBN9783866813410
- Kasparov, Garry. 2017. Garry Kasparov Teaches Chess. Masterclass.com.[168]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^'Chess champion Garry Kasparov granted Croatian citizenship'. The Guardian. London. 28 February 2014.
- ^Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part I, 2011, ISBN978-1-85744-672-2, pp. 16–17
- ^'Most experts place Bobby Fischer the second or third best ever, behind Kasparov but probably ahead of Karpov.' – Obituary of Bobby Fischer, Leonard Barden, The Guardian, 19 January 2008
- ^'Who is the Strongest Chess Player?'. Bill Wall. Chess.com. 27 October 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2009.
- ^Ruslan Ponomariov won the disputed FIDE title, at the age of 18, when the world title was split
- ^'Garry Kasparov | Biography & Facts'. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
- ^ abConor Sweeney, Chris Baldwin, Putin 'heir' on course to win Russia election: poll
- ^Eli Lake (17 June 2012). 'Chessmaster Garry Kasparov Is Determined to Checkmate Vladimir Putin'. The Daily Beast.
- ^Gessen, Masha (2012). The Man Without a Face: The Unlikely Rise of Vladimir Putin. New York: Riverhead Books. pp. 196–197. ISBN978-1-59448-842-9. Gessen describes some of the obstacles Kasparov encountered during the attempt to build his campaign: his chartered plane was refused airport access; hotels were advised not to house him; event attendees and organizers were threatened; secret police were a constant presence; a 'total television blackout' was enforced. These measures, Gessen concludes, kept the Kasparov movement from growing.
- ^Demirjian, Karoun (13 September 2014). 'Moscow city elections leave little room for Russian opposition'. The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 September 2014.'Independent opposition candidates faced many obstacles. In February, Putin signed a law requiring all independent candidates to collect signatures from 3 percent of their constituents. The city didn't finalize the boundaries of the districts – which expanded from 35 to 45 – until April. Then in May, two of the original 'For Moscow' members were slapped with fraud charges, effectively ending their campaigns.[paragraph break] The remaining would-be candidates had a few weeks in the summer to collect approximately 5,000 signatures. It proved an elusive goal for most coalition members.'
- ^'Garry Kasparov Says We Are Living in Chaos, But Remains an Incorrigible Optimist'. The New Yorker. 4 December 2018.
- ^Boot, Max (25 April 2018). 'The political center is fighting back'. The Washington Post.
- ^'Chess Champion Garry Kasparov is Russia's Great Red Hope'. The Daily Beast.
- ^Kasparov, Garry (2011), Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, Part 1: 1973–1985, Everyman Chess: 'I am absolutely sure that the Garry Kasparov, who became leader of the chess world, professed the same values as Garik Weinstein, who once, following the example of his father, became fascinated by chess..'
- ^ abcBiography on Kasparov.ru site (in Russian)
- ^White King and Red Queen by Daniel Johnson, ISBN1-84354-609-4
- ^'Transcript: Kasparov to Start Campaign Promoting 'Values of Democracy''. Fox News. Archived from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
- ^'Garry Kasparov on Conversations with Bill Kristol'.
- ^'Garry Kasparov Transcript – Conversations with Bill Kristol'.
- ^Unlimited Challenge, an autobiography by Garry Kasparov with Donald Trelford, ISBN0-00-637358-5
- ^Kasparov: The World's Chess Champion, by Anne Kressler, From Azerbaijan International (3.3) Autumn 1995. (Retrieved 31 March 2008)
- ^Hooper, David & Whyld, Kenneth (1996). Oxford Companion To Chess. Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-280049-3. OCLC34618196.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^'Reason for name change'. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
- ^Ham, Stephen (2005). 'The Young King'(PDF). Chesscafe. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
- ^'ICC Help: interview'. Internet Chess Club. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
- ^'FIDE Rating List: January 1980'. OlimpBase. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
- ^ abChessmetrics Player Profile: Garry KasparovArchived 8 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^'World Chess Championship 1982–84 Candidates Matches'. Mark Weeks' Chess Pages. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
- ^1984 Karpov – Kasparov Title Match Highlights Mark Weeks' Chess Pages
- ^Dylan Loeb McClain (24 December 2010). 'Record Set for World's Youngest Chess Champion'. The New York Times.
- ^'Mikhail Tal'. World Chess Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
- ^Nigel Short: Quest for the Crown, by Cathy Forbes
- ^'My decision to break away from fide was a mistake'Archived 18 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, DNA, 10 September 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2007.
- ^'Tradition with an eye on the future'. Telegraph.co.uk. 6 November 2001. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
- ^'Kasparov's master class to launch chess scholarship in Britain'.[dead link]
- ^'BGN/Dortmund Event' (Press release). This Week in Chess. 6 September 2001. Retrieved 11 August 2001.
- ^Anatoly Karpov wins X3D Rapid MatchArchived 19 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, ChessBase News, 21 December 2002
- ^Emma Cowing, 'Kasparov makes his first political move on Putin', The Scotsman, 13 July 2006.
- ^ abcDavid Remnick (1 October 2007). 'The Tsar's Opponent: Garry Kasparov takes aim at the power of Vladimir Putin'. New Yorker. Retrieved 22 October 2007.
- ^Masha Gessen, 'Garry Kasparov Says We Are Living in Chaos, But Remains an Incorrigible Optimist', The New Yorker, 4 December 2018.
- ^'The Credit Suisse Blitz – in pictures'. Chessbase. 27 August 2006. Retrieved 11 August 2007.
- ^'Kasparov and Karpov to play 12 games match in Valencia'. Chessdom. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
- ^'Breaking news: Carlsen and Kasparov join forces'. Chessbase. 7 September 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
- ^Magnus Carlsen: 'My job is to improve my chess'Archived 28 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine, ChessVibes, 7 September 2009
- ^Barden, Leonard (13 March 2010). 'World No1 Magnus Carlsen parts company with mentor Garry Kasparov'. The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 14 March 2010.
- ^'Magnus Carlsen on his chess career', ChessBase News, 15 March 2010.
- ^'NIC's Cafe: Last Call', New in Chess Magazine, 2011/07, p. 6.
- ^'Kasparov beats 30 challengers in simultaneous play at TAU'. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
- ^'Chess News – Anand in Playchess – the helpers in Sofia'. Chessbase. 19 May 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2010.
- ^Peterson, Macauley. 'The Spirit of Saint Louis' New in Chess Magazine, 2001/07, p. 12.
- ^'Now it's official: Kasparov no longer training Nakamura'. Chessbase Publishing. Chessbase. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
- ^'Kasparov Defeated All Fourteen Opponents'. Archived from the original on 4 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
- ^'Battle of the Legends (2/2)'. Chess News. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
- ^'19–0'. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
- ^'Ultimate Blitz Challenge with Garry Kasparov'. uschesschamps.com. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
- ^'Kasparov simultaneous exhibition Mönchengladbach'. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
- ^'Kasparov Announces Candidacy for FIDE President'. Chess.com. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
- ^Карлсен: поддерживаю Каспарова на выборах президента FIDE (in Russian). Championat.com. 4 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
- ^'Ilyumzhinov Beats Kasparov 110–61 at FIDE Presidential Elections'. Chess.com. 11 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
- ^Myers, Steven Lee (6 August 2014). 'Vladimir Putin's Chess-Master Nemesis'. The New York Times Magazine.
- ^'Kasparov, Leong Found Guilty of Breaching FIDE Code of Ethics'. Chess.com. 9 September 2015.
- ^'Ethics Commission Judgement'. Fide.com. 21 October 2015.
- ^Salter, Jim (15 July 2017). 'Chess Legend Kasparov Picks St. Louis Competition for Return'. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
- ^Payne, Marissa (15 August 2017). 'Chess legend Garry Kasparov proving he's still got it in first competitive tournament in 12 years'. The Washington Post. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
- ^ ab'GARRY KASPAROV V TRANSCRIPT'. Conversations with Bill Kristol. The Foundation for Constitutional Government. 25 April 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
- ^'Gorbachev Is at Fault, Chess Champion Says'. The New York Times. 22 January 1990. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
In any democratic country Gorbachev would have resigned by now, Mr. Kasparov, who fled from Baku last Thursday, told the French television. He is unable to resolve the nationality problem, and should assume responsibility for what has happened, he said. Mr. Kasparov fled from Baku to Moscow on a chartered plane.
- ^Garry Kasparov : 'A game designed for me'. Al Jazeera. 24 August 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ^Tolz, Vera (29 April 2018). 'SPLIT IN DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF RUSSIA'. friends-partners.org. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
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The 'homosexual propaganda' law is only the most recent encroachment on the freedom of speech and association of Russia's citizens. Yet, the European Union and other governments have largely ignored the fact that Russia has signed various international conventions that categorically forbid this sort of discrimination. In the face of silent complicity by governments, it is up to artists, activists, and individuals like us to speak up against Putin's human rights abuses.
- ^Keating, Joshua. 'Garry Kasparov: 'Obama Going to Russia Now Is Dead Wrong''. Slate. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
- ^(in Ukrainian)After removing Putin of Russia returns the Crimea Ukraine – Kasparov, Ukrayinska Pravda (25 August 2016)
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(help) - ^'El mensaje de Kasparov a la Unión Europea tras las elecciones en Cataluña'. The Huffington Post (in Spanish). 22 December 2017.
- ^Kasparov, Garry. 'Despite unprecedented pressure from Madrid, Catalonian separatists won a majority. Europe must speak and help find a peaceful path toward resolution and avoid more violence'.
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|journal=
(help) - ^Computerschach & Spiele. 1993#1 page 40
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- ^Garry Kasparov, 'Chess, a Drosophila of reasoning'. Science 07 Dec 2018: Vol. 362, Issue 6419, pp. 1087. DOI 10.1126/science.aaw2221 Full text: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6419/1087.full
- ^https://lccn.loc.gov/2017304768
- ^https://www.masterclass.com/classes/garry-kasparov-teaches-chess
Further reading[edit]
- Nikitin, Alexander (2019). Coaching Kasparov, Year by Year and Move by Move, Volume I: The Whizz-Kid (1973-1981). Elk and Ruby Publishing House. ISBN5-604176-95-8.
- Borik, Otto (1991). Kasparov's Chess Openings: A World Champion's Repertoire. Trafalgar Square Pub. ISBN0-943955-39-4.
- Stohl, Igor (2005). Garry Kasparov's Greatest Chess Games, Volume 1. Gambit Publications. ISBN1-904600-32-8.
- Stohl, Igor (2006). Garry Kasparov's Greatest Chess Games, Volume 2. Gambit Publications. ISBN1-904600-43-3.
- Károlyi, Tibor; Aplin, Nick (2007). Kasparov's Fighting Chess 1993–1998. Batsford. ISBN0-7134-8994-4.
- Károlyi, Tibor; Aplin, Nick (2007). Kasparov's Fighting Chess 1999–2005. Batsford. ISBN978-0-7134-8984-2.
- Károlyi, Tibor; Aplin, Nick (2009). Kasparov: How His Predecessors Misled Him About Chess. Batsford. ISBN978-1-906388-26-3.
External links[edit]
- Official website
- Garry Kasparov player profile and games at Chessgames.com
- Garry Kasparov at Curlie
- Garry Kasparov, 'Man of the Year?', OpinionJournal, 23 December 2007
- Edward Winter, List of Books About Fischer and Kasparov
- Appearances on C-SPAN
Kasparov Chess Games Youtube
Sporting positions | ||
---|---|---|
Preceded by Anatoly Karpov | 1985–93 | Succeeded by Anatoly Karpov |
Classical World Chess Champion 1985–2000 | Succeeded by Vladimir Kramnik | |
Preceded by Peter Svidler | Russian Chess Champion 2004 | Succeeded by Sergei Rublevsky |
Achievements | ||
Preceded by Anatoly Karpov Anatoly Karpov Vladimir Kramnik | World No. 1 1 January 1984 – 30 June 1985 1 January 1986 – 31 December 1995 1 July 1996 – 31 March 2006 | Succeeded by Anatoly Karpov Vladimir Kramnik Veselin Topalov |
Garry Kasparov
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garry_Kasparov&oldid=916664673'